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Comp Pol Midterm
Morgan
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Comparative Politics | - subfield of polisci that studies political systems - explains similarities and differences between countries (government, economy, strength) and general theories about political systems - compare Western Europe state building to post-colonial Africa |
| Comparative Method | - systematic approach to compare small # of cases to identify patterns - used to test hypotheses about political phenomena and control variables - comparing Chile and Argentina (similar histories, different outcomes) to explain democratic stability |
| Correlation vs Causation | - correlation means two factors change together; causation means one factor produces the other - crucial for comparative research - wealth and democracy are correlated, but modernization theory claims economic growth causes democratization |
| state | - a political organization that claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a defined territory - foundational unit of analysis in comp. pol. - France exemplifies strong, centralized state with a long history of government |
| soverignty | - recognized right of a state to govern its territory and people without external interference - core principle of international system - Ukraine's sovereinty has been violated by Russia's annexation of Crimea |
| state-building | - process through which political institutions develop the capacity to provide order, security, and services - explains variation in state strength and development - (find better example of state-building) |
| neo-patrimonialism | - system in which public officials treat state resources as personal property and distribute them through clientelism - blurs boundary b/t public and private authority, weakening bureaucratic effectiveness - urban political machines with Boss Tweed |
| Bureaucratic-Rational state | - state that operates through impersonal rules, hierarchical organization, and merit-based administration - promotes efficiency, predictability, and accountability - Germany's professional civil service and tax admin |
| fragile state | - weak institution, limited capacity, and low legitimacy, unable to provide security or services - leads to conflict, humanitarian crises, and dependence on foreign aid - Somalia has faced state collapse and chronic instability |
| nation | - group of people sharing common identity traits--culture, language, history, or values - view themselves as political community & source of political legitimacy - Kurdish nation spans Iraq, Syria, and Turkey but lacks unified state |
| nationalism | - ideology asserting that a nation should have self-government and sovereignty - can unify citizens to build or divide states - Italian unification in the 19th century fueled via nationalism |
| ethnic nationalism | - a form of nationalism based on shared ancestry, language, or religion - defining membership by birth rather than civic participation, which can provoke ethnic conflict - Quebecois in Canada |
| civic nationalism | - national identity based on shared political values, citizenship, and commitment to democratic institutions - encourages inclusive, pluralistic identities compatible with liberal democracy - US and France define national belonging through citizenship |
| self-determination | - principle that peoples have the right to choose their political status and govern themselves - central to anti-colonial struggles and debates over secession - South Sudan gained independence in 2011 following self-determination |
| Secession | - act of region or group withdrawing from an existing state to form a new independent state - challenges sovereignty and leads to civil conflict or international dispute -attempted secession of Biafra from Nigeria in 1960s that led to civil war |
| irredentism | - movement claiming the right to reclaim and reoccupy territory considered part of the homeland - can destabilize regional politics by challenging international borders - Russia's annexation of Crimea was justified though irredentist appeals |
| Collective Action | - individuals coordinate their efforts to achieve a shared political goal, despite personal costs - central to protests, revolutions, and elections but run into "free-rider" problems - fall of authoritarian regimes in Eastern Europe (1989) relied on CA |
| social movement | - sustained collective efforts by ordinary people to bring about social or political change - key agents of democratization and reform outside formal political institutions - Arab Spring and BLM |
| civil society | - network of voluntary organizations, associations, and groups independent of the state that connect citizens - strengthen democracy by promoting participation, accountability, and pluralism - trade unions and NGOs in Poland's Solidarity movement |
| non-violent protests | - collective action tactics that reject violence to demand political or social change - often more effective than violent rebellion b/c they build legitimacy and broader participation - India's independence movement under Gandhi |
| social media | - digital platforms that allow users to share information, coordinate, and mobilize collectively - transformed activism by enabling rapid organization of protest, but can spread misinformation or state surveillance - Twitter used to organize Arab Spring |
| democracy | - political system in which government power derives from the people via free and fair elections, participation, and accountability - dominant modern regime type and measure of political legitimacy - India and United States |
| Liberal democracy | - democracy that combines free and fair elections with protection of individual rights, rule of law, and separation of powers - represent fullest institutional form of democracy - UK and Germany |
| electoral democracy | - political system with competitive elections but weaker rule of law, civil liberties, or accountability - represents minimalist form of democracy; often transitional or hybrid regime - post 1990s Russia held elections but lacked full liberal protection |
| democratization | - process through which a country transitions from authoritarian rule to democracy - explains waves of regime change and democratic backsliding - Spain's transition to democracy after Franco's dictatorship |
| modernization theory | - theory that economic development leads to social change that promotes democracy - suggests a causal link b/t economic growth and political liberalization - South Korea's industrialization preceded its democratization in 1980s |
| parliamentary system | - political system where the executive is selected from and accountable to the legislature - tends to produce stable coalitions and clear accountability b/t legislature and executive - Great Britain Westminster system |
| presidentialism | - system in which the president is directly elected and serves as both head of state and government - allows for separation of powers but risks gridlock or authoritarianism if checks fail - United States and Brazil |
| single-member district | - electoral system where one representative is elected per district, typically by plurality - favors large parties and majoritarian outcomes, often leading to two party systems - US and UK use SMD systems |
| proportional representation | - electoral system that allocates seats based on % of votes each party receives - encourages multiparty systems and coalition governments - the Netherlands uses PR systems |
| runoff elections | - elections held in two rounds when no candidate wins a majority in the first - ensures majority support for elected leaders, common in presidential systems - France's presidential elections use a two-round runoff system |
| authoritarianism | - political system in which rulers are not accountable to the public through free elections - emphasizes state control, limited pluralism, and repression of opposition - China's one party rule under the CCP |
| totalitarianism | - extreme form of authoritarianism that seeks to control all aspects of public and private life through ideology and coercion - distinguishes regimes that use mass mobilization and surveillance to maintain power - Nazi Germany and Stalin's USSR |
| resource curse | - paradox that countries rich in natural resources often experience poor governance and slower development - resource wealth can fund patronage and corruption over public goods - Oil wealth in Nigeria has fueled corruption and conflict |
| competitive authoritarianism | - hybrid regime combining formal democratic institutions with authoritarian practices that undermine hem - elections exist but are manipulated; opposition faces repression or bias - Russia under Putin |
| public goods | - goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, such as security, infrastructure, and clean air - reflects state capacity and priorities; often underprovided in weak states - universal education in Scandinavia as a strong public good |
| democratic backsliding | - gradual erosion of democratic institutions, norms, and rights - threatens global democracy and highlights vulnerabilities even in established systems - Hungary's decline in judicial independence under Viktor Orban |
| third wave of authoritarianism | - recent global pattern of democratic decline and rise of new authoritarian leaders after 2000s - reverses third wave of democratization - Democratic erosion in Turkey |
| executive takeover | - when elected leaders use legal means to undermine checks and balances and concentrate power - common mechanism of modern authoritarianism that maintains democratic appearances - Hugo Chavez in Venezuela gradually centralized authority |
| polarization | - deep ideological or social divisions that make political compromise difficult - weaken democratic stability and trust in institutions - US political system has become highly polarized along partisan lines |
| economic liberalism | - belief in minimal state intervention, free markets, and individual economic freedom - foundational to capitalism and neoliberal economic reforms - US and UK pursued economic liberalization in 1980s under Reagan and Thatcher |
| communism | - ideology advocating state ownership of the means of production and abolition of private property - provides alternative to capitalism; shaped much of 20th century global politics - USSR and Maoist China |
| social democracy | - political ideology combining capitalist markets with social welfare and redistributive policies - balances efficiency with equality; dominant in Western Europe after WWII - Sweeden's welfare state model |
| state-led development | - economic strategy in which the state directs investment and industrial policy to promote growth - contrasts with laissez-faire; successful in East Asian "developmental states" - South Korea's export-oriented industrialization |
| state capitalism | - economic system where the state plays a strong role in directing market activity and owning key enterprises - blends market mechanism with political control; alternative to liberal capitalism - CCP combines state ownership and market competition |
| neo-liberalism | - economic policy emphasizing deregulation, privatization, and reduced state spending - influenced global reforms in 1980s-90s (Washington Consensus) - IMF and World Bank reforms in Latin America |
| post-neo-liberalism | - shift toward reasserting state roles in social policy and reducing market dominance - reaction against neoliberal inequality; blends redistribution with market participation - leftist governments in LA, such as Bolivia under Evo Morales |
| welfare state | - system in which the government provides social protections like healthcare, pensions, and unemployment insurance - promotes social equality and stability; key feature of social democracy - Nordic countries' universal welfare systems |
| inequality | - unequal distribution of income, wealth, or opportunities across a society - affects political stability, social cohesion, and regime legitimacy - rising inequality in the US has fueled populist movements |
| colonialism | - practice of foreign powers establishing political and economic control over territories and peoples - shaped modern state borders, economies, and institutions; legacy still influences development - British colonial rule in India |
| dependent development | - economic growth shaped by dependence on foreign capital and markets - explains underdevelopment in postcolonial states tied to global capitalist systems - LA economies exporting raw materials to richer countries |
| import substitution industrialization (ISI) | - economic strategy promoting domestic manufacturing by restricting imports - aimed to reduce dependency but often led to inefficiency and debt - Mexico and Brazil's ISI policies in mid-20th century |
| Industrialization | - shift from agrarian to manufacturing-based economies - drives modernization, urbanization, and political change - Britain's 19th century Industrial Revolution transformed its economy and class structure |
| inclusive institutions | - political and economic systems that enable broad participation and protect rights - associated with prosperity and stable democracy - intellectual property rights |
| political globalization | - increasing influence of international organizations and norms on domestic politics - challenges state sovereignty but promotes cooperation on global issues - UN and EU shape domestic policy through treaties |
| economic globalization | - integration of national economies through trade investment, and finance - increases interdependence but can heighten inequality and vulnerability to crises - global supply chains linking production in China to consumption in US |
| social globalization | - spread of ideas, cultures, and people across borders - promotes global awareness and exchange but can trigger nationalist backlash - worldwide influence of social media and popular culture |
| deglobalization | - process of reducing economic and political interdependence among countries - reflects backlash against globalization and a return to national economic control - US-China trade war and US tariffs |
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