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cathy nakimera
anatomy 2025-3-SCI220-04 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the main branches of anatomy? | The main branches include gross anatomy (macroscopic), microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy. |
| Define the term "homeostasis" and explain its importance. | Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and organs. |
| Describe the three components of a feedback loop. | The three components are the receptor (detects changes), the control center (integrates information and processes a response), and the effector (carries out the response). |
| What are the major body cavities, and what do they contain? | The major body cavities include the cranial cavity (brain), thoracic cavity (heart and lungs), abdominal cavity (digestive organs), and pelvic cavity (reproductive organs, bladder). |
| Explain the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms. | Negative feedback mechanisms oppose changes to maintain homeostasis, while positive feedback amplifies a change (e.g., blood clotting, labor contractions). |
| What is the function of the plasma membrane? | The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, providing structure and communication with other cells. |
| Define diffusion and explain how it occurs across a cell membrane. | Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. It occurs passively across the lipid bilayer or through channels. |
| What is the role of mitochondria in the cell? | Mitochondria are the cell's energy producers, converting nutrients into ATP through cellular respiration. |
| What are the four main tissue types in the body? | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. |
| Describe the process of protein synthesis. | Protein synthesis occurs in two stages: transcription (DNA to mRNA in the nucleus) and translation (mRNA to protein in the cytoplasm via ribosomes). |
| What is the function of lysosomes in the cell? | Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste, debris, and foreign invaders within the cell. |
| Explain the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands. | Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts that lead to the surface (e.g., sweat glands). |
| What is the extracellular matrix, and why is it important for connective tissue? | The extracellular matrix is a non-cellular component consisting of fibers and ground substance that provide structural and biochemical support to tissues. |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue, and where are they found? | Skeletal muscle (attached to bones), cardiac muscle (heart), and smooth muscle (walls of hollow organs like the intestines and blood vessels). |
| Describe the function of tight junctions in epithelial cells. | Tight junctions seal adjacent cells together to prevent the leakage of fluids between them, maintaining tissue integrity. |
| What are the two main types of bone tissue? | The two main types of bone tissue are compact bone (dense and forms the outer layer of bones) and spongy bone (less dense, contains trabeculae and red bone marrow). |
| What is the role of osteocytes in bone tissue? | Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and communicate with other bone cells to regulate bone remodeling. |
| What is the function of the periosteum in bones? | The periosteum is a dense layer of connective tissue that covers bones, providing a surface for muscle attachment, containing blood vessels, and playing a role in bone growth and repair. |
| Describe the process of endochondral ossification. | Endochondral ossification is the process by which cartilage is replaced by bone, forming most of the bones in the body, particularly long bones. |
| What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton? | The axial skeleton includes bones along the body’s midline (skull, vertebral column, and rib cage), while the appendicular skeleton consists of limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton (pectoral and pelvic girdles). |
| What are the three types of joints based on their structure? | The three types of joints based on structure are fibrous (e.g., sutures in the skull), cartilaginous (e.g., intervertebral discs), and synovial (e.g., knee and elbow joints). |
| What is the role of synovial fluid in joints? | Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, reduces friction, and supplies nutrients to the articular cartilage, helping to maintain joint health. |
| How does a hinge joint function? | A hinge joint, like the elbow or knee, allows movement in one plane, permitting flexion and extension but no rotational movement. |
| What is the difference between a skeletal muscle fiber and a muscle cell? | A skeletal muscle fiber is a long, cylindrical multinucleated cell that contracts to produce force, while a muscle cell refers to the smaller unit, such as a myocyte, within the muscle fibers. |
| What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction? | Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that allows myosin heads to bind to actin filaments, initiating muscle contraction. |
| What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? Chapter 12: Sensory System Q Chapter 13: Endocrine System Q: Q: Q | The central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of sensory and motor neurons. |
| What is the function of myelin in neurons? | Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates axons, increasing the speed of electrical impulses and promoting efficient signal transmission. |
| What is the difference between an action potential and a resting potential? | Resting potential is the stable, negative charge inside a neuron when it is not transmitting an impulse, while action potential is the rapid reversal of charge that occurs when a neuron fires. |
| How do photoreceptor cells function in vision? | Photoreceptors in the retina (rods and cones) absorb light and convert it into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for processing, enabling vision. |
| How do photoreceptor cells function in vision? | Photoreceptors in the retina (rods and cones) absorb light and convert it into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for processing, enabling vision. |
| What is the role of the cochlea in hearing? | The cochlea, located in the inner ear, converts sound vibrations into neural signals that the brain interprets as sound. |
| What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system? A: | The hypothalamus regulates hormone release from the pituitary gland, controlling vital processes like metabolism, growth, and stress response. |
| How do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands? | Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release substances into ducts (e.g., sweat glands). |
| What is the primary function of insulin? | Insulin, produced by the pancreas, helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy. |
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