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Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | Heredity is the biological process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring through genetic material, primarily DNA. |
| Trait | A trait is a specific characteristic or feature of an organism that can be inherited, influenced by the environment, or both. |
| Genetics | Genetics is the scientific study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. |
| Fertilization | Fertilization is the biological process where a sperm cell and an egg cell unite to form a zygote, marking the beginning of a new organism. |
| Purebred | A purebred animal is one that is bred from parents of the same recognized breed, with no mixing from other breeds over many generations. |
| Gene | A gene is the basic unit of heredity made up of DNA that provides instructions for building proteins, which determine traits and functions in living organisms. |
| Allele | An allele is a variant form of a gene located at a specific position (locus) on a chromosome. |
| Dominant allele | A dominant allele is a version of a gene that expresses its trait even when only one copy is present. |
| Recessive | A recessive allele is a version of a gene that only expresses its trait when both copies inherited from the parents are recessive. |
| Hybrid | A hybrid is an organism, object, or concept formed by combining elements from two different sources—often species, breeds, technologies, or cultures. |
| Punnett square | A Punnett square is a diagram used in genetics to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. |
| Phenotype | A phenotype is an organism’s observable traits—such as height, eye color, or behavior—resulting from the interaction between its genetic makeup (genotype) and environmental influences. |
| Genotype | A genotype is the complete set of genetic information an organism carries, specifically the combination of alleles at a given gene locus. |
| Homozygous | Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a particular gene—either both dominant or both recessive. |
| Heterozygous | Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a specific gene—one inherited from each parent. |
| Incomplete dominance | Incomplete dominance is a genetic pattern where the offspring's phenotype is a blend of the parents' traits, rather than showing one trait as dominant over the other. |
| Codominance | Codominance is a genetic pattern where both alleles in a heterozygous organism are fully and equally expressed, resulting in a phenotype that shows traits from both parents without blending. |
| Multiple alleles | Multiple alleles refer to the existence of more than two alternative forms of a gene at a specific locus within a population. |
| Polygenic inheritance | Polygenic inheritance is a type of genetic inheritance where a single trait is controlled by multiple genes, each contributing a small additive effect to the overall phenotype. |
| Messenger RNA | Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA in the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized. |
| Transfer RNA | Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA molecule that helps decode messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences into proteins by delivering the correct amino acids to the ribosome during translation. |
| Mutation | A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism that can affect how genes function and may lead to variations in traits or diseases. |
| Sex chromosomes | Sex chromosomes are the pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's biological sex—typically labeled X and Y in humans. |
| Sex-linked gene | A sex-linked gene is a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y), and its expression is influenced by the sex of the individual. |
| Carrier | A carrier is an individual who has one normal allele and one mutated allele for a genetic trait or disorder, typically inherited in a recessive or sex-linked pattern. Carriers do not usually show symptoms but can pass the mutated gene to their offspring. |
| Genetic disorder | Genetic disorders are health problems caused by abnormalities in a person's genetic material, which can arise from mutations in one or more genes or chromosomal abnormalities. |
| Pedigree | Pedigree genetics involves using pedigree charts to analyze the inheritance of traits and genetic conditions through generations of a family. |
| Karyotype | organism A karyotype is the complete set of chromosomes in an organism, including their sizes, numbers, and shapes. |
| Selective breeding | |
| Inbreeding | |
| Hybridization | |
| Clone | |
| Genetic engineering | |
| Gene therepy | |
| Genome | |
| Ethics | |
| Meiosis | |
| Crossing Over | |
| Zygote | |
| Gametes | |
| Protein Synthesis | |
| Autosomal Chromosomes |
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