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Psych Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | A physical process by which sensory organs respond to external stimuli. Ex: light and sound waves |
| Transduction | conversion of physical stimuli into neural impulses. |
| Transduction | metaphor: "language translators" |
| Perception | The psychological process of make sense of stimulus. Ex: songs and colors |
| Absolute Tresholds | minimum stimulation necessary to detect a single sensation. Ex: hearing tests, decisions (errors) |
| Just noticeable difference (JND) | min ability to detect difference between 2 stimuli. |
| Weber's law | Harder to tell the difference between 2 loud stimuli than softer stimuli. |
| Sensory Adaption | Diminished sensitivity resulting from constant stimulation. Ex: large temp changes and sleeping & background noises. |
| Cornea | outer part of eye; thick and transparent |
| Cornea | light waves first pass |
| Cornea | eye protection from contaminants |
| Pupil | dark part oft the eye; regulate # of light coming into your eye |
| Pupil | dilate/constrict to either cause more/less light |
| Iris | color part of eye; regulate light coming in |
| Iris | controls the pupil's eye |
| Lens | help see distance |
| Glasses | corrective lenses |
| Rods and cones | eye sensory receptors: convert light waves to neural impulses |
| Rods | low light and help see in the dark |
| Cones | very bright conditions and help see colors |
| Optic nerves | bridge between eye and brain |
| Optic nerves | if damaged, you can't see |
| Light Regulation | Iris; blue light and strain; computer vision syndrome |
| Macular degeneration | blindness cause; damage to the retina and sensory receptors |
| Glaucoma | blindness cause; damage to the optic nerve |
| Neurological blindness | damage to the occipital lobe |
| Hair Cells | sensory receptors for auditory |
| olfactory receptors | sensory receptors for nose |
| nociceptors | sensory receptors for pain; convert visible touch and pain stimulated into neural impulses |
| Gestalt theory | whole matters than the sum of its parts |
| Gestalt theory | a lot of what happens inside mind can exert a powerful influence on the types of images you ultimately end up seeing |
| Fast nerve fibers | sharp and intense pain through myelin sheath; ex: cutting your fingers with a knife |
| Slow nerve fibers | dull and lingering pain; ex: throbbing |
| Generalization | applying learn response to something to similar stimuli |
| Extinction | make the learn response go away; repeated exposure without the presence of conditioned response |
| Spontaneous recovery | extinction never really go away |
| Operant Condition | associate behaviors with consequences |
| Memory | persistent learning over time |
| Process memory | encoding, storage, & retrieve |
| Encoding | acting of getting info into brain |
| Storage | act of retaining info in memory; hitting the save button |
| Retrieve | how well you're able to recall that info |
| Recall | retrieval w/o aid |
| Recognition | retrieval w/ aid/hint |
| Atkins & Shiffrin's model of story | sensory memory, short-term memory, & long-term memory |
| Sensory memory | last 3-5 secs, keep conscious on going |
| Short-term memory | temporary storehouse for memory; last 30 sec; can loose it (distraction) |
| Long-term memory | prominent & limitless storehouse of info |
| Memory | active process of rehearsing and learning |
| Working memory | manipulating of info to allow holding longer in short-term memory |
| Chunking | organizing piece of info into meaningful units |
| Maintenance rehearsal | repeating info again and again |
| Elaborative rehearsal | deep encoding; make meaningful out of meaningless |
| Retrograde Amnesia | unable to retrieve past memories; ex: Alzheimer's |
| Anterograde Amnesia | inability to form new memories |
| Patient H.M | cut out his hippocampus to seizures; learned new motor skills without able to know when and how he learned it; lost his explicit memory |
| Long-term memory | Explicit & Implicit memory |
| Explicit memory | conscious storage of new info; hippocampus control |
| Implicit memory | unconscious storage of new info; muscle memory; cerebellum control |
| System 1 | thinking fast; muscle memory & autopilot |
| System 2 | slow & rational thinking; steps in when system 1 fails; ex: human innovations |
| Cognitive misers | reluctant to do much extra thinking than necessary |
| Heurisitics | mental shortcuts that simplifies complex ideals |
| Availability heuristics | making decision of what we like based on the accessibility of that info |
| Representative heuristics | making decision of how true that info based on prototypical (if it looks the part, it plays that part) it appears |
| Anchoring & adjusting heuristics | making an estimate from that initial info |
| Schemas | knowledge and expectations of what we have in the world |
| Person schemas | stereotypes |
| Behavior | how you're supposed to act in certain situations |
| Priming schema | activating schemas; ready to use |
| Supraliminal prime | conscious priming; obvious, noticeable |
| Subliminal prime | unconscious priming; indirect, ex: craving |
| Spearman's general intelligence theory | one singular factor underlies all mental abilties |
| Gardner's intelligence theory | 8 diff & independent intelligences |
| Sternberg's intelligence theory | analytical, practical & creative |
| Functional fixedness | tendency to use an object for its mere singular purpose |
| Entity belief | intelligence is fixed |
| Incremental belief | intelligence can be change and improve w/ effort |
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