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genetic unit
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hereditary | the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. |
| trait | a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially one belonging to a person. |
| genetics | the study of heredity, including genes, how they work, and how the variations in genes lead to differences |
| fertilization | the union of a male and a female gamete (sperm and egg) to form a single cell called a zygote |
| purebred | an animal bred from parents of the same breed or variety. |
| gene | a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for building a specific functional product, typically a protein or an RNA |
| allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| dominant allele | a version of a gene that expresses its associated trait even when only one copy is present in an individual's genotype |
| recessive allele | a gene variant that only expresses its associated trait when an individual inherits two copies of it, one from each parent |
| hybrid | combines elements from two different sources |
| punnet square | a diagram used in genetics to predict the genetic outcome of a cross between two parents |
| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| genotype | an organism's complete set of inherited genetic material (DNA) or, more specifically, the specific combination of alleles |
| homozygous | an individual who inherits two identical alleles (versions) of the same gene from their parents |
| incomplete dominance | a genetic trait where neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a blended or intermediate phenotype |
| codominance | a genetic inheritance pattern where both alleles for a trait are fully and simultaneously expressed in a heterozygous individual |
| multiple allele | three or more different forms of the same gene found within a population |
| polygenic inheritance | a pattern where a single trait is influenced by two or more genes, resulting in a continuous range of phenotypes |
| messenger RNA | a temporary, single-stranded molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA |
| transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule that functions as an adaptor in protein synthesis, bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome |
| mutation | a permanent change in a cell's DNA |
| sex chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's biological sex |
| sex-linked gene | a gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y), influencing traits like color blindness or hemophilia that are inherited |
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