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genetics unit
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. |
| Trait | a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially one belonging to a person. |
| Genetics | the biological study of heredity, focusing on genes, DNA, and how characteristics are inherited from parents to offspring. |
| Fertilization | the union of a male and a female gamete (sperm and egg) to form a single cell called a zygote, which contains the combined genetic material to develop into a new individual. |
| Purebred | (of an animal) bred from parents of the same breed or variety. |
| Gene | a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for building a specific functional product, typically a protein or an RNA molecule, which determines an organism's characteristics and functions. |
| Allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| Dominant allele | a version of a gene that expresses its associated trait even when only one copy is present in an individual's genotype. |
| Recessive allele | a gene variant that only expresses its associated trait when an individual inherits two copies of it, one from each parent. |
| Hybrid | combines elements from two different sources |
| Punnett square | a diagram used in genetics to predict the genetic outcome of a cross between two parents. |
| Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| Genotype | an organism's complete set of inherited genetic material (DNA) or, more specifically, the specific combination of alleles (variant forms of a gene) at a particular genetic location. |
| Homozygous | an individual who inherits two identical alleles (versions) of the same gene from their parents |
| heterozygous | describes having two different alleles (versions of a gene) for a specific trait on homologous chromosomes, |
| Incomplete dominance | a genetic inheritance pattern where neither allele completely masks the other, resulting in an intermediate, blended phenotype in heterozygous individuals. |
| Codominance | a genetic inheritance pattern where both alleles for a gene are fully and simultaneously expressed in a heterozygote |
| Multiple alleles | three or more different forms of the same gene found within a population |
| Polygenic inheritance | a pattern where a single trait is influenced by two or more genes, resulting in a continuous range of phenotypes, such as height, skin color, and weight. |
| Messenger RNA | a temporary, single-stranded molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA in the cell's nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for creating proteins. |
| Transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule that functions as an adaptor in protein synthesis, bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome to match the genetic code on a messenger RNA (mRNA) template. |
| Mutation | a permanent change in an organism's DNA or RNA sequence, resulting from errors during DNA replication, exposure to environmental factors like radiation or chemicals, or spontaneous DNA breakdown. |
| Sex chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's biological sex. |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y), influencing traits like color blindness or hemophilia that are inherited differently between males and females because of the different sex chromosome combinations (XX for females, XY for males) |
| Carrier | individuals who carry one non-working copy of a gene for a particular genetic condition but do not show symptoms of it themselves, as they also have a functioning copy. |
| Genetic disorder | a condition that results from changes in an individual's DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence. |
| Pedigree | a family tree showing lineage and genetic traits, |
| Karyotype | an individual's complete set of chromosomes and a laboratory-produced image of those chromosomes, which are arranged in pairs by size, shape, and number. |
| Selective breeding | the process by which humans control the reproduction of organisms to develop or eliminate specific traits, leading to desirable characteristics in plants and animals over many generations. |
| inbreeding | the mating of closely related individuals, which increases homozygosity and the chances of offspring inheriting harmful recessive traits, leading to reduced fitness and potential health complications. |
| Hybridization | the process of combining two or more different things. |
| Clone | an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical. |
| Genetic engineering | involves directly altering an organism's DNA to introduce, remove, or modify genes, creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with new traits for various applications |
| Gene therepy | a technique that treats or prevents disease by correcting or altering genetic material in a patient's cells to restore normal function. |
| Genome | the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism. |
| Ethics | . moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. |
| Meiosis | a specialized cell division process in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces a cell's chromosome number by half, producing four genetically unique haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells) from one diploid parent cell. |
| Crossing Over | the biological process of chromosomal crossover, where non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis to create new combinations of alleles and genetic variation. |
| Zygote | the single cell resulting from a sperm and egg merging during fertilization. |
| Gametes | a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
| Protein Synthesis | the fundamental biological process where cells convert genetic information into proteins, |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes in humans that are numbered 1 through 22 |
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