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Exam 2 A&P 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plasma is mostly | Water |
| What are 3 primary classes of plasma proteins | albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen |
| What is the average blood pH | 7.4 |
| Iron is a component of what major red blood cell protein? | hemoglobin |
| Red blood cells (RBCs)lack what major organelles | No organelles |
| What is the average life of RBCs | 100-120 days |
| What are some advantages to the shape of RBCs | Shape helps delivers oxygen efficiently and able to fold to get into small blood vessels/capillaries |
| Where is the primary site of erythropoiesis in the adult? | flat bones: sternum, rib bones and skull |
| Which leukocyte is the most common granulocyte? | neutrophil |
| EPO is produced by what organ and has what effect on the blood | Kidney increases red blood cell contraction |
| A person with type O blood contains what antibodies | anti A and anti B antibodies |
| Platelets are derived from what cell? Are platelets actual cells? | Megakaryocytes and they are not cells |
| What blood protein is a major component of blood clots? | fibrinogen |
| T and B cells are what major type of leukocyte | lymphocytes |
| What is the site of most gas and nutrient exchange in the tissues? | capillaries |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency is also known as what | pernicious anemia |
| Leukemia is characterized by what | Large number of leukocytes and they are not functional |
| Thrombin converts what protein to fibrin | Fibrinogen |
| In what direction do arteries carry blood | away from the heart |
| What is the direction in veins | back to the heart |
| Which are the most muscular chambers of the heart? Why | Ventricles and they are the pumps of the heart |
| Where does blood go after leaving the right ventricle | pulmonary circulation |
| Where does blood go after leaving the left ventricle | systemic circulation |
| Name the three layers of the heart wall | endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium |
| What type of blood travels through the pulmonary artery | deoxygenated blood |
| What type of blood travels through the aorta | oxygenated blood |
| What is the function of valves | to keep blood flowing in one direction |
| Where is blood pressure the highest? | outside of left ventricle |
| where is blood pressure the lowest | outside or right atrium |
| Which leukocytes are producers of antibody | Plasma Cell |
| What is the condition in which a traveling clot blocks a blood vessel | embolism |
| Through what vessels does the heart get supplied with blood | right and left coronary artery |
| In an EKG, the height of the waves represents what electrical property | voltage |
| What part of the EKG corresponds to ventricular depolarization | QRS complex |
| Rh-positive blood indicates the presence of what antigen | antigen D |
| What do the formed elements consist of | RBC(erythrocytes) , platelets (thrombocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) |
| What is the difference between serum and plasma | serum equals plasma minus clotting factors |
| Hyperventilation will cause what change in pH | PH will raise |
| What is the respiratory membrane | Sandwich two membrane endothelial cell plus alveolar cell |
| What happens to breathing as airway resistance rises? How does epinephrine help | Breathing becomes harder and it will cause bronchodilation |
| What are the differences between emphysema and asthma | Emphysema loss of surface area from permanent damage to the ling and asthma is temporary where bronchioles are constricted |
| What is the best way to increase AVR? What does this mean | Slow deep breathing means oxygen is absorbed to lungs at maximum |
| What are some ways a tissue may become hypoxic | Lack of blood flow, anemia, lack of iron, anything that interfered with oxygen transport |
| What is the nerve which innervates the diaphragm? | phrenic nerve |
| Acclimatization to high altitude causes what hormone to be produced | erythropoietin (EPO) |
| 43. What is the difference between internal and external respiration | Internal refers between oxygen and tissue and external blood and lung |
| 44. Where does rhinitis occur | nasal mucosa |
| 45. What is the function of respiratory cilia | brush mucus out of lungs |
| 46. What keeps alveolar surfaces sterile | macrophages |
| 47. How does the epithelium change as you go deeper into the lungs | You get a gradual transition to simple squamous |
| 48. Where do you find the auditory tube | nasal pharynx |
| 49. Which structure covers the glottis in the larynx | epiglottis |
| 50. Describe the relationship between the trachea and esophagus | trachea is always the anterior to esophagus and has a direct connect share a wall of tissue |
| 51. What happens to airflow into alveoli during bronchodilation | breathing becomes easier, airflow increases |
| 52. Where is the hilum located | medial aspect of lungs |
| 53. What are some causes of pneumothorax | Puncture of pleural cavity from broken rib or puncture from outside |
| 54. What are the muscles that generate eupnea | diaphragm and external intercostals |
| 55. Describe pressure and volume changes during ventilation | pressure and volume and inversely proportion |
| 56. Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located | Aorta and carotid artery |
| 57. What are some factors that contribute to sleep apnea | Body mass, large tongue, tissues swell |
| how does oxygen know to enter blood stream and carbon to leave | diffusion (grading/solution) |
| olfactory | sense of smell Only part of nervous system that renews |
| what is the function of the cilia | move mucus around |
| septum | partions |
| rhinorrhea | Runny nose |
| thyroid | largest |
| cricoid | middle (ring Shape) |
| epiglottis | covers openings |
| trachea | cartilage on anterior on lateral walls 2 main bronchi right and left |
| bronchoconstriction | less air goes through passageway |
| bronchodilation | more air through bronchial tree |
| pleura | membrane that covers lungs |
| visceral pleura | stuck to lung |
| pariatal | away from lung |
| 2 areas of gas exchange | lung and tissue |
| what affects breathing | co2 |
| total volume | amount of air per breath 500 mL |
| carbon dioxide is 24 times more soluble then oxygen | nitrogen about half as soluble as oxygen |
| where do you get plasma proteins from | liver |
| diapedesis | more through wall |
| chemotaysis | attraction of leukocytes to chemicals at an infection site |
| plasma cells way out | make antibodies and degradation of fibrin |
| thrombus | blood clot in healthy vessel |
| 3 feed into right atrium SVC, IVC, Coronary | 4 feed into left atrium pulmonary veins |
| whole body is fed by what main blood vein | aurota |
| cardiomycote | cardiac muscle cell |
| calcium | is key for cross bridging to occur |
| if left side of heart fails it backs up into lung | pulmonary edena |
| right side of heart fails | systemic Edina |
| p wave | atrial depolorization |
| q wave | ventricle depolarization |
| t wave | ventricular repolarization |
| normal blood pressure 120/80 | hypertension 140/90 |
| systole = contraction | diastole = relaxation |
| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected by ventricle |
| cardiac output | heart rate x stroke volume 75beats/min x 70mL/beat = 5.25Lmin |
| bradycardi | slow resting heart rate below 60 |
| tachycardia | high resting heart rate over 100 |
Created by:
srgcrmn