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Neuro
Exam Study Neurophysiology Lectures 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which neuroglial cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? | Schwann Cells |
| Which neuroglial cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the Central Nervous System (CNS)? | Oligodendrocytes |
| What is the role of a GTO? | -Monitor tension on a tendon -Inhibit motor activity when tension is too high |
| What is an eccentric contraction? | Muscle contracts while lengthening |
| What is a concentric contraction? | Muscle shortens during contraction |
| What is an isometric contraction? | Muscle contracts and maintains same length |
| What is the primary function of the cerebellum in the Central Nervous System? | Coordinating balance, posture, and fine motor skills |
| Which connective tissue layer surrounds an individual muscle fiber? | Endomysium |
| Which connective tissue layer surrounds an entire muscle? | Epimysium |
| Which connective tissue layer surrounds a fascicle? | Perimysium |
| What is the direct role of calcium ions (Ca 2+) in muscle contraction? | Attaches to troponin, which shifts tropomyosin and exposes myosin-binding sites on actin |
| Which division of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion? | Autonomic |
| What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System? | Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
| What is the purpose of the Sympathetic Nervous System? | Fight or Flight |
| What is the purpose of the Parasympathetic Nervous System? | Rest and Digest |
| The primary motor cortex is located in which lobe of the cerebrum? | Frontal Lobe |
| What is the role of the motor cortex? | Generates signals for voluntary movement |
| What is the 'Size Principle' in motor unit recruitment? | Small motor units are recruited first, and then larger ones as force requires |
| Which term describes a state of reduced muscle tone, leading to weakness and flaccidity? | Hypotonicity |
| What role does the thalamus play in sensory processing | Filters/Directs signals to the cortex |
| Which type of muscle fibre is characterized by a red color, high fatigue resistance, and reliance on aerobic respiration, making it ideal for endurance activities? | Type I |
| What is the primary energy system for extended, fatigue-resistant activities such as long-distance running? | Aerobic Respiration |
| The bundle of nerve roots that extends below the end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris) is known as the: | Cauda Equina |
| The tapered, lower end of the spinal cord before the Cauda Equina is called the: | Conus Medullaris |
| What is the primary role of ATP in the cross-bridge cycle of muscle contraction? | Detaches the myosin head from actin |
| The corticospinal tract is responsible for: | -Voluntary movements -Fine motor control |
| What is the primary function of the corpus callosum? | Allows communication and coordination of the left and right brain hemispheres |
| What is a reflex arc? | A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus |
| Which component of the reflex arc integrates the signal within the spinal cord, connecting sensory and motor neurons? | Interneurons |
| Which neurons are located solely within the CNS? | Interneurons |
| What is the CNS comprised of? | -Brain -Spinal cord |
| What is the PNS comprised of? | All nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord |
| Where are Upper Motor Neurons located? | Central Nervous System |
| Where are Lower Motor Neurons located? | Cell bodies = Central Nervous System Axons = Peripheral Nervous System |
| Which system contains sensory nerves? | Peripheral Nervous System |
| The length-tension relationship dictates that: | Maximum force occurs at optimal resting length |
| The basal ganglia play a key role in: | -Motor control -Fine tuning motor signals |
| What is the PMRF? | Pontomedullary Reticular Formation |
| What is the function of the Pontomedullary Reticular Formation (PMRF)? | -Regulate flexor/extensor muscle tone -Posture -Autonomic functions |
| In the spinal cord, what is the role of the posterior (dorsal) horn of the grey matter? | Receiving/processing incoming sensory (afferent) information |
| In the spinal cord, what is the role of the anterior (ventral) horn of the grey matter? | -Contain motor neurons -Send motor (efferent) signals that control voluntary movement |
| In the spinal cord, where are the cell bodies that send commands to skeletal muscle located? | Anterior (ventral) horn of the grey matter |
| What is neuroplasticity? | Brain's ability to change structure and function/reorganize and form new neural connections in response to injury or experiences |
| What is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fibre? | Sarcomere |
| The temporal lobe is responsible for: | -Memory storage -Auditory processing -Language comprehension |
| What is the difference between an Efferent and Afferent impulse? | Efferent = away from CNS Afferent = toward CNS |
| What is the primary energy system used for short, high-intensity activities lasting about 10-15 seconds, such as a 100-meter sprint? | Creatine Phosphate System |
| In the spinal cord, which regions will you find the lateral horns of the grey matter? | -Thoracic -Lumbar |
| What are the lateral horns responsible for? | Involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion |
| A motor unit is defined as: | A single motor neuron and all the fibres it innervates |
| What is the primary function of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at the neuromuscular junction? | Neutralize Acetylcholine and allows muscle to relax |
| What is the role of an Alpha Motor Neuron? | Initiates/executes voluntary movement, maintains basic tone |
| What do Gamma Motor Neurons innervate? | Muscle spindles |
| What do Alpha Motor Neurons innervate? | Muscle fibres |
| What is the role of a Gamma Motor Neuron? | -Adjust muscle spindle sensitivity to stretch -Maintains tone during changes in muscle length |
| What is the role of a Muscle Spindle? | -Detect changes in muscle length -Send feedback to CNS to regulate muscle tone |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| How many spinal nerve pairs are in the cervical region? | 8 |
| How many spinal nerve pairs are in the thoracic region? | 12 |
| How many spinal nerve pairs are in the lumbar region? | 5 |
| How many spinal nerve pairs are in the sacral region? | 5 |
| How many spinal nerve pairs are in the coccygeal region? | 1 |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the brain? | 12 |
| Name the cranial nerves | I - Olfactory II - Optic III - Oculomotor IV - Trochlear V - Trigeminal VI - Abducens VII - Facial VIII - Vestibulocochlear X - Vagus XI - Accessory XII - Hypoglossal |
| What are the two subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System? | -Afferent -Efferent |
| Which Cranial Nerve carries smell from receptors in the nose to the brain? | I - Olfactory Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve carries visual impulses from the eye to the brain? | II - Optic Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve controls the contraction of most eye muscles? | III - Oculomotor Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve controls one single eyeball muscle? | IV - Trochlear Nerve OR VI - Abducens Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve has three branches and conduct general sense impulses from eye, upper jaw, and mandible? | V - Trigeminal Nerve |
| Which other cranial nerve controls impulses to a single eyeball muscle? | VI - Abducens Nerve OR IV - Trochlear Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve has branches that innervate facial expression muscles, has sensory fibres for taste, and secretory fibres for saliva and tears? | VII - Facial Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve carries sensory impulses for hearing and equilibrium? | VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve contains sensory fibres for the back of the tongue and throat, as well as secretory fibres for saliva, and motor fibres to control swallowing? | IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve supplies most organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries motor impulses to the larynx and pharynx? | X - Vagus Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve controls muscles in the neck and larynx? | XI - Accessory Nerve |
| Which Cranial Nerve controls muscles of the tongue? | XII - Hypoglossal |
| Which part of the brain directs sensory impulses to the cortex? | Thalamus |
| Which part of the brain maintains homeostasis and controls the pituitary gland? | Hypothalamus |
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