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Path Ch 4
Pathology Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 5 basic functions of bones | supporting franework, protect vital organs, levers on muscles can contract and shorten, red bone marrow produces rbc, store calcium salts |
| disruption of bone caused by mechanical forces applied either directly to the bone or transmitted along the shaft of the bone | fracture |
| what are the 3 signs of a fracture | joint effusion, soft tissue swelling, interuption of bony trabeculae |
| A fracture that results in discontinuity between two or more fragments | complete |
| Partial discontinuity, with a portion of the cortex remaining | incomplete |
| transverse | Runs at a right angle to the long axis of the bone |
| oblique | Runs approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone |
| spiral | Encircles the shaft, generally longer than an oblique fracture. Caused by twisting motion. |
| generally small fragments torn from bony prominences | avulsion |
| composed of more than two fragments. | comminuted |
| elongated triangular fragment of cortical bone | butterfly |
| consists of a segment of the shaft isolated by proximal and distal lines of fracture. | segmental |
| results from compression forces that causes compaction of bone trabeculae | compression |
| A portion of bone displaced inward on skull or tibial plateau. | depressed |
| response of bone to repeated stresses. | stress |
| occurs at area of weakness caused by a process. | pathological |
| incomplete fracture with the opposite cortex intact | greenstick |
| one cortex is intact with buckling or compaction of opposite | torus/buckle |
| plastic deformation caused by a stress that is too great to permit complete recovery of normal shape | bowing |
| occurs when a plane of cleavage exists in the bone w/o angulation or separation | undisplaced |
| separation of bone fragments. | displaced |
| angular deformity between the axes of the major fragments. | angulation |
| displacement of a bone that is no longer in contact with its normal articulation | dislocation |
| only partial loss of continuity of the joint surfaces | subluxation |
| The overall goal of fracture treatment is to | restore function and stability with an acceptable cosmetic result and a minimum of residual deformity |
| malunion | healing of fx fragments in a faulty position. |
| delayed union | any fx that takes longer to heal than an average fx |
| nonunion | fx healing process has completely stopped, fragments remain ununited |
| what is the most common metastatic malignancy or multiple myeloma. | pathologic fractures |
| osteogenesis imperfecta and osteopetrosis, rickets and scurvy | developmental diseases |
| bone cysts, enchondroma, aneurysmal bone cysts, or fibrous dysplasia | benign |
| osteoporosis, osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism | metabolic disorders |
| Results from repeated stresses to a bone that would not be injured by isolated forces of the same magnitude | stress fracture |
| Multiple, repeated, physically induced injuries in children caused by parents or guardian | Battered-Child Syndrome |
| Wrist fracture from fall on outstretched hand | colles |
| Most common carpal bone fracture. | navicualr/scaphoid |
| Fracture to 5th metacarpal usually from resulting blow of fist | Boxers |
| Transverse fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal; caused by stepping off curb or falling while walking stairs | jones |
| Fx and displacement of ring of atlas, fx of dens | jeffersons fx |
| Anterior subluxation of C2 on C3 (MVC). | hangmans fx |
| Twisting and curvature in the lateral perspective of the spine | scoliosis |
| Transitional Vertebra- has characteristics of vertebrae on both sides of a major division of spine | Vertebral Anomalies |
| spina bifida | A posterior defect of the spinal canal, resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly |
| Large defects with herniation of meninges and a portion of spinal cord and nerve roots | meningoecle |
| Large defects with herniation of meninges. | myelomenigoecle |
| mild/ insignificant form. | occulta |
| rare hereditary bone dysplasia: failure of the resorptive mechanism of calcified cartilage interferes with the normal replacement by mature bone | Osteopetrosis |
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | Generalized disorder of connective tissues; multiple fractures and an unusual blue color of the normally white sclera of the eyes. • Due to imperfectly formed or inadequate bone collagen |
| Achondroplasia | Most common form of dwarfism; diminished proliferation of cartilage in the growth plate |
| Congenital Hip Dysplasia | results from incomplete acetabulum formation caused by physiologic and mechanical factors |
| Chronic systemic disease of unknown cause that appears primarily as a noninfectious inflammatory arthritis of the small joints of the hand and feet | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Extremely common disorder characterized by loss of joint cartilage and reactive new bone formation | Osteoarthritis |
| causes of osteoarthritis | trauma or septic or inflammatory arthritis |
| Inflammation of the bursae; small fluid-filled sacs located near the joints that reduce friction | bursitis |
| A musculotendinous structure composed of the teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles | Rotator Cuff Tear |
| A generalized or localized deficiency of bone matrix in which that mass of bone per unit volume is decreased in amount but normal in composition | Osteoporosis |
| Insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton. | Osteomalacia |
| Systemic disease of infancy and childhood. • Calcification of growing skeletal elements is defective because of a deficiency of vitamin D in diet or lack of exposure to sunshine | Rickets |
| Paget’s Disease | Destruction of bone, followed by reparative process, results in weakened, deformed, and thickened bony structures that tend to fracture easily |
| A disorder that usually begins in childhood, is characterized by the proliferation of fibrous tissue within the medullary cavity | Fibrous Dysplasia |
| Benign projection of bone with a cartilaginous cap that arises in childhood or the teen years | Osteochondroma |
| Slow growing benign cartilaginous tumor arising in the medullary canal | Enchondroma |
| Typically arises at the end of the distal femur or proximal tibia of a young adult after epiphyseal closure | Giant Cell Tumor |
| Most often arise in the outer table of the skull, the paranasal sinuses and the mandible | Osteoma |
| Most occur in the femur and tibia, originate from osteoblastic cells, and are <1.5 cm in diameter | Osteoid Osteoma |
| Osteogenic Sarcoma | Generally occurs in the end of a long bone in metaphysis |
| Chondrosarcoma | Malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin that may originate anew or within a preexisting cartilaginous lesion. |
| Ewing’s Sarcoma | Primary malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow of long bones |
| Multiple Myeloma | A widespread malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction |
| Bone Metastases | Most common malignant bone tumors, spreading by means of lymph, blood, or seeding |
| what are the 3 rheumatoid variants | ankylosing spondylitis, reiters syndrome, psoriatic arthritis |
| rickets disease is most common is children ages | 6 months- 1 year in developing countries |
| gout is a disorder in the metabolism of | purine |
| what is the most common metabolic chronic disease of the skeletal system | pagets disease cotton whool appearance |
| favorite site of mets spread | bones containing red bone marrow |
Created by:
rnmps