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Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nutrition | process that living organisms use to obtain utilize the necessary nutrients from their food to support growth, maintain health, and function properly these nutrients provide energy needed to carry out various physiological functions |
| Essential nutrients | Nutrients that must be provided through diet or supplements |
| Macronurtrients | Nutrients that the body needs in relatively large quantities |
| Micronutrients | Nutrients needed in small amounts but are crucial for overall health |
| Water | not a nutrient but essential for life |
| Energy | Only carbs, protein, and fat provide energy intake vs. expenditure determine stable weigh, weight loss, or weight gain |
| BMR | The number of calories required to fuel the involuntary activities of the body at rest after 12 hrs |
| Factors that increase BMR | Growth, infections, fever, extreme environmental temperatures, elevated levels of hormones |
| Factors that decrease BMR | Aging, prolonged fasting, sleep |
| BMI | A numerical measure that is commonly used to assess an individual's body weight in relation to their height |
| Underweight BMI | <18.5 |
| Ideal weight BMI | 18.5-24.9 |
| Overweight BMI | 25-29.9 |
| Obese BMI | >30 |
| Extreme obesity | >40 |
| Formula to calculate BMI | BMI= (weight (in pounds)/ (height (in inches))^2) x703 BMI= weight (in kg) / (height (in meters))^2 |
| Carbs | - 45-60% of calories for adults - primary energy source - converted to glucose for transport through the blood, liver stores glucose as glycogen |
| Protein | - 10-35% of calorie intake - complete: all amino acids - Incomplete: deficient of at least one or more amino acids 22 amino acids |
| Fats | - saturated fats < 10% / day - trans fats as low as possible animal fats: saturated--> raise cholesterol plant fats: unsaturated--> lowers cholesterol |
| Vitamins | Organic compounds needed by the body in small amounts fat soluble: ADEK |
| Minerals | Organic elements found in all body fluids and tissues |
| Factors affecting nutrition | Alcohol use: decreases nutrient absorption, increases need for vit B Meds/supplements: absorption and metabolism may be altered Megadose of nutrient supplements: excess/deficiency (tumeric poisoning: megadose) |
| NPO | no food or fluid at all by mouth, requires provider prescription before resuming oral intake |
| Clear liquid | liquids that leave little residue (clear fruit juice, gelatin, broth) |
| Full liquid | clear liquids plus liquid dairy products and all juices, pureed vegetables sometimes |
| Pureed | Clear and full liquids plus pureed meats, fruits, and scrambled eggs |
| Mechanical soft | Clear and full liquids plus diced or ground foods |
| Soft/low-residue | Foods that are low in fiber and easy to digest (dairy, eggs, ripe bananas) |
| High-fiber | whole grains, raw and dried fruits |
| low-sodium | no added salt or 1 to 2 g CHF, heart problems |
| Low cholesterol | no more than 300 mg/day of dietary cholesterol |
| diabetic | balanced intake of protein, fats, and carbohydrates of about 1,800 |
| Dysphagia | pureed foods and thickened liquids |
| Regular | no restrictions |
| NG tube | Short-term therapy: less than 2 weeks |
| Nasointestinal tube | short-term therapy - indicated for clients with increased risk of aspiration or have certain medical conditions - dumping syndrome |
| Tube placement confirmation | X-ray, pH. aspirate contents |
| Long-term enteral nutrition | Tubes > 2 weeks PEG tube G-tube J-tube G-J-tube Low-profile gastronomy device |
| aspiration | confirm tube placement, elevate HOB, avoid oversedation |
| Clogged tube | flush tube before/after feeding and Q4h |
| Nasal skin breakdown | assess nares for skin breakdown, floating securement |
| Diarrhea | prevent contamination, change delivery set Q24h |
| Unplanned removal | - secure tube, frequently check on patient |
| Stoma care | hole where tube is inserted check for redness crusting |
| IV TPN | total parenteral nutrition CHECK SLIDES |
Created by:
mdedobbe