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Exam #2
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins
| Answer | |
|---|---|
| What are the four biological macromolecules? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| What does it mean when we say a molecule is organic? | A carbon-containing compound like liquid, solid, or gas. (except carbon dioxide) |
| What are building blocks of macromolecules called? | monomers |
| What are polymers? | Monomers bonded together to form larger molecules |
| What is the reaction responsible for joining monomers together to form polymers? | Dehydration Synthesis |
| What is the reaction responsible for breaking polymers down into their monomers called? | Hydrolysis |
| What chemicals are responsible for speeding up the reactions dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis. | Enzymes |
| Where does the name carbohydrate come from | Carbon "carbo" and water "hydrate" Same ratio of Water:Carbon |
| What are simple sugars referred to as? | Monosaccharides |
| What suffix do most simple sugars end in? | "ose" |
| What is the chemical formula for glucose? | C6H12O6 |
| What reaction is responsible for the breakdown of glucose and generation of ATP or energy for our cells. | Cellular respiration |
| What reaction is responsible for the production of glucose. | photosynthesis in plants and gluconeogenesis in animals and other organisms. |
| What are the other two common monosaccharides and where are they found. | Galactose and fructose. Galactose(part of lactose, or milk sugar) Fructose(Found in sucrose, in fruit) |
| Monosaccharides are isomers. What does this mean? | they share the same chemical formula but have different arrangements of atoms, leading to different physical and chemical properties |
| When two monosaccharides are joined together they form what type of carbohydrate? | Disaccharide |
| What is the bond between two monosaccharides called? | Glycosidic bond |
| What is a long chain of monosaccharides called ? | Polysaccharides |
| Why cant humans digest cellulose? | Human digestive enzymes cannot break down the B 1-4 linkage (Lack the enzymes) |
| How do herbivores such as cows digest starch? | The special flora in their stomach digests plant material that's rich in cellulose and uses it as a food source. |
| What are the benefits of carbohydrates? | -Provides the body with energy, particularly for your brain, heart, and muscles. -They are a primary fuel source for exercise. -Promotes digestive health through fiber. |
| What are the Lipids that make up the cell membrane? Why do they arrange themselves in a bilayer? | Phospholipids because they are amphipathic, meaning they have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail |
| What is the form of lipids we store extra energy in and insulate our organs called? | Triglycerides |
| Triglycerides are stored in tissues called what? | Adipose(cells that fill up with fats) |
| What are the properties of saturated fatty acids? | They have all single bonds, straight, stick together/to blood vessels, solid at room temp, shitty |
| What are the properties of unsaturated fatty acids? | They have double bonds, bent, can't pack together well, liquid at room temp, better for you |
| What chemicals are bonded together to form a triglyceride molecule? What process is used? | "3 fatty acids and a glycerol" They make an "E" and dehydration synthesis pull out water to stick it on |
| What is a carboxyl group? | A carboxyl group "COOH" is a functional group in organic chemistry that consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH) |
| What has been done to oils when they have been hydrogenated? | Hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fatty acids in the oil, converting the double bonds to single bonds resulting in a saturated fat. |
| Why do we hydrogenate oils and what are the problems with this? | This is done to achieve longer shelf life and makes the liquid oil more solid at room temperature. The problem is this can create trans fats and raise LDL ("bad") cholesterol and lower HDL ("good") cholesterol. Risk of heart attacks or stroke. |
| What chemical are all steroid type hormones derived from? | Cholesterol |
| What are HDL's? | (High Density Lipoproteins)=Happy-They gather fats to clear from circulatory system |
| What are LDL's? | (Low Density Lipoproteins)=Lousy-They try and bring them around but drop them off in the blood vessels =BAD |
| What is a bilayer? | the double-layered structure of phospholipids that forms the basis of all cell membranes. The outside/inside have water. tails face inward. |
| What reaction is responsible for the production of glucose? | photosynthesis in plants and gluconeogenesis in animals. |
| What are the most common disaccharides? | Lactose, maltose, sucrose. Sucrose is the most common disaccharide. |
| Where is lactose found? | Lactose consists of the monomers glucose and galactose Its found in milk. |
| Where is maltose found? | Maltose is formed by a dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules Found in malt. |
| Where is sucrose found | Table sugar which is formed using glucose and fructose monomers |
| Name four polysaccharides. | Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, chitin |
| Where is Starch found? | Plants store starch in the form of sugar (Plants store it particularly in their seeds, grains and root vegetables) |
| Where is Glycogen found? | Glycogen is usually stored in the liver and muscle cells. Energy reserves in the liver and skeletal muscle cells of animals) |
| Where is Cellulose found? | In the cell wall of plants |
| Where is Chitin found? | Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (major component of fungal cell wall) |
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