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water
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Surface tension | he tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area |
| Solvent | a substance, typically a liquid, that dissolves another substance (the solute) to form a homogeneous mixture called a solution |
| Specific heat | the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 unit of mass (like 1 gram or 1 kilogram) of a substance by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin |
| Evaporation | the process where a liquid turns into a gas (vapor) by changing from a liquid to a gaseous state, usually at a temperature below its boiling point |
| Condensation | the phase transition of a gas (or vapor) into a liquid |
| Freezing | the phase transition from a liquid to a solid state as a substance's temperature drops below its freezing point |
| Melting | the phase transition where a solid changes into a liquid due to the absorption of heat, which overcomes the forces holding its particles in a fixed, structured arrangement |
| Boiling | the process where a liquid turns into a gas when it reaches its boiling point. |
| Capillary action | the movement of a liquid through the spaces of a porous material due to the combined forces of cohesion (the attraction between liquid molecules) and adhesion (the attraction between liquid and solid molecules) and surface tension (the force that pulls li |
| Universal solvent | a liquid that can dissolve a wide variety of substances |
| Mechanical weathering | the physical process of breaking rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition, driven by physical forces like temperature changes, frost wedging, abrasion, and biological activity |
| Chemical weathering | a scientific process where rocks break down by chemical reactions with water, air, and other chemicals, altering their mineral composition to form new minerals or soluble compounds |
| Erosion | the natural process where weathered rock and soil are moved from one place to another, primarily by agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity |
| Sediment | the solid material, ranging from tiny particles of sand and silt to larger rocks and organic remains, that is transported and deposited by agents like wind, water, or ice |
| Deposition | a substance transitioning directly from a gaseous state to a solid state without first becoming a liquid |
| Mass movement | the downhill movement of rock, soil, and earth material under the direct influence of gravity, without the assistance of a transporting medium like wind, ice, or water |
| Deflation | he systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation, experimentation, and the testing of theories against the evidence obtaine |
| Sand dune | a naturally occurring hill of loose sand, formed by wind transporting and depositing sand particles onto a surface, eventually creating a mound that grows as wind-blown sand accumulates on the windward side and slips down the leeward side |
| Loess | an accumulation of silt-sized sediment that is transported and deposited by wind, forming a distinct type of soil or sediment deposit |
| Runoff | the water from rain, snowmelt, or other sources that flows over the land surface rather than soaking into the ground |
| Stream | a body of surface water flowing within a channel or a continuous flow of material, which can be a liquid, gas, or solid, through a process |
| Tributary | a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or river, a lake, or a sea, contributing its water and often its sediment and pollutants to the larger body |
| Flood plain | n area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding. |
| Delta | the uppercase delta (Δ) represents a change or difference between two quantities (like temperature or velocity) |
| Alluvial fan | a fan-shaped deposit of sediment (silt, sand, gravel, and boulders) that forms where a river or stream emerges from a steep slope, such as a mountain or canyon, onto a flatter plain |
| Groundwater | water that is stored beneath the Earth's surface in saturated zones within soil, sand, gravel, or fractured rock, known as aquifers |
| Glacier | a large, thick mass of ice formed on land from accumulated and compressed snow that moves slowly under its own weight and gravity |
| Continental glacier | a massive, dome-shaped sheet of ice that covers a vast area of land, flowing outward from its thickest part, and is much larger than an alpine glacier |
| ice age | a vast, continent-sized mass of ice that covers extensive land areas, typically in polar regions, and flows outward from a central point |
| Valley glacier | valley glacier (also known as an alpine glacier) is a long, relatively narrow mass of ice that originates in mountainous regions, such as a cirque at a valley head or from an ice cap, and flows downhill between the confining walls of a valley |
| Plucking | a glacial erosion process where a moving glacier freezes onto bedrock, lifts, and carries away chunks of rock and sediment |
| till | the unsorted sediment deposited directly by a glacier |
| Longshore drift | phenomena occurring parallel to the shoreline |
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