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| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | Heredity: The process by which traits and characteristics are passed from parents to offspring through genes, explaining similarities within families and species. |
| Trait | A trait is a specific characteristic or feature of an organism that can be inherited, observed, or measured. Examples of traits include eye color, height, curly or straight hair, and the presence of dimples. Traits can be influenced by genes passed from |
| Genetics | Genetics is the scientific study of heredity—how traits and characteristics are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genetics helps us understand how inherited traits are transmitted, how genetic disorders occur, and how traits vary within and |
| Fertilization | Fertilization: The joining of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell to form a zygote with genetic material from both parents, starting the development of a new organism. |
| Purebred | Purebred: An organism with two identical alleles for a trait (homozygous), producing offspring with the same trait when bred with another purebred for that trait. |
| Gene | Gene: A section of DNA with instructions for traits. Genes are units of heredity passed from parents to offspring, determining features like eye color or blood type. |
| Allele | Allele: One of different gene forms found at the same spot on a chromosome. Alleles, inherited from each parent, can cause different traits (like blue or brown eyes). |
| Dominant allele | Dominant allele: A gene form that shows its trait if present, even with only one copy, and can mask a recessive allele's effect for the same trait. |
| Recessive allele | A recessive allele is a form of a gene that is only expressed (shows its trait) when an organism has two copies of that allele and no dominant allele is present. If a dominant allele is present, the trait from the recessive allele is hidden or masked. |
| Hybrid | Hybrid: An organism with two different alleles for a trait, made by crossing parents with different traits (like one tall and one short). |
| Punnett square | Punnett square: A chart used to predict possible allele combinations and outcomes in offspring from a genetic cross by arranging parent alleles in a grid. |
| Phenotype | Phenotype: The physical characteristics or traits of an organism that are visible or measurable, which result from the interaction of its genetic makeup (genotype) and the environment. Examples of phenotype include height, eye color, and blood type. |
| Genotype | Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism; the set of genes or alleles it carries. For example, a genotype can be written as "Bb" or "bb" for a specific trait. |
| Homozygous | Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a particular gene. An organism is homozygous for a trait if it inherits the same allele from both parents, like "AA" or "aa" in a genotype. |
| Heterozygous | Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a particular gene. An organism is heterozygous for a trait if it inherits different alleles from each parent, such as "Aa" in a genotype. |
| Incomplete dominance | Incomplete dominance: A type of inheritance where neither allele is completely dominant. The resulting phenotype is a blend of both parent traits, such as red and white flowers producing pink offspring. |
| Codominance | Codominance: A genetic pattern where both alleles in a heterozygous organism are fully expressed. This results in offspring showing both traits distinctly, like AB blood type or speckled flowers. |
| Multiple alleles | Multiple alleles: When more than two forms of a gene (alleles) exist in a population for a particular trait, though each individual can have only two of those alleles. An example is human blood type (A, B, O). |
| Polygenic inheritance | Polygenic inheritance: A form of inheritance where a trait is controlled by two or more genes, resulting in a wide range of possible phenotypes. Examples include skin color, height, and eye color in humans. |
| Messenger RNA | Messenger RNA (mRNA): A type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are made. |
| Transfer RNA | Transfer RNA (tRNA): A type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, helping to assemble proteins by matching amino acids to the genetic code in mRNA. |
| Mutation | Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome, which can lead to new traits or genetic disorders. Mutations can be inherited or occur spontaneously. |
| Ian Watkins | a stinky dude who doesn't clean himself and says odd things. Also likes crap memes and is definitely not a cool guy cuz he says rude things on his stupid laptop. he also really likes hotsauce and thinks Ralsei from DELTARUNE is a girl XD |
| Sex chromosomes | Sex chromosomes: Chromosomes that determine an individual's biological sex. In humans, these are the X and Y chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes (XX), and males have one X and one Y (XY). |
| Sex-linked gene | Sex-linked gene: A gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y). Traits controlled by sex-linked genes are often different in males and females. Color blindness is an example of an X-linked trait. |
| Carrier | Carrier: An individual who has one copy of a recessive allele for a trait or genetic disorder but does not show the trait or disorder. Carriers can pass the allele to their offspring. |
| Genetic disorder | Genetic disorder: A disease or condition caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Genetic disorders can be inherited or result from new mutations in the genes. |
| Pedigree | Pedigree: A chart or diagram that shows the occurrence of a trait or genetic disorder in several generations of a family. Used to trace inheritance patterns. |
| Karyotype | Karyotype: A picture or diagram showing all the chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs by size and shape. Used to check chromosome number and structure for genetic studies. |
| Selective breeding | Selective breeding: The process of choosing and mating organisms with desired traits to produce offspring with those specific traits. Used in agriculture and animal breeding. |
| Inbreeding | Inbreeding: The mating of closely related individuals, which increases the chances that offspring will have two identical alleles for a trait and can increase the risk of genetic disorders. |
| Hybridization | Hybridization: The process of crossing two genetically different organisms to produce offspring (hybrids) that have traits from both parents. Used to combine desirable characteristics. |
| Clone | Clone: An organism or cell produced asexually from one parent, making it genetically identical to that parent. Cloning can occur naturally or through scientific processes. |
| Genetic engineering | Genetic engineering: A scientific process where genes are directly altered or transferred from one organism to another to produce desired traits. Used in medicine, agriculture, and research. |
| Gene Therepy | Gene therepy: A medical technique that involves changing or replacing faulty genes with healthy ones to treat or prevent genetic disorders and some diseases. |
| Genome | Genome: All the genetic material (DNA) in an organism, including all its genes. The genome contains the complete set of instructions needed for growth, development, and functioning. |
| Ethics | Ethics (biology): The study and practice of making decisions about what is right or wrong in biological research and applications, like cloning, genetic modification, or medical testing on humans or animals. |
| Meiosis | Meiosis: A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four sex cells (gametes) with half the genetic material of the original cell. Essential for sexual reproduction. |
| Crossing Over | Crossing over: A process during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, leading to new combinations of genes in the offspring and increased genetic diversity. |
| Zygote | Zygote: A fertilized egg cell formed by the joining of a sperm and egg. The zygote contains genetic material from both parents and is the first stage of a new organism's development. |
| Gametes | Gametes: Sex cells (sperm in males, eggs in females) that contain half the usual number of chromosomes and unite during fertilization to form a zygote. |
| Protein Synthesis | Protein synthesis: The process by which cells make proteins, using instructions from DNA and carried out by mRNA and tRNA in the ribosome. |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | Autosomal chromosomes: Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. In humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes. They carry genes for most traits and bodily functions. |
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UndertaleTheGreatPapyrus