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Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the passage of biological traits and characteristics from parents to offspring through the inheritance of genes |
| Trait | a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially one belonging to a person |
| Genetics | the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics |
| Fertilization | the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote |
| Purebred | (of an animal) bred from parents of the same breed or variety. |
| Gene | (in informal use) a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring |
| Allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome |
| Dominant Allele | A dominant allele is a gene variant that expresses its corresponding trait in an organism's phenotype (observable characteristics) even when a different, recessive allele for the same gene is also present |
| Recessive allele | A recessive allele is a gene variant that is only expressed in an organism's phenotype when two copies of the allele are present, meaning it is masked by a dominant allele if one is present |
| Hybird | the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties |
| Punnett square | A Punnett square is a visual chart that predicts the possible genetic makeup (genotypes) and observable traits (phenotypes) of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents |
| Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment |
| Genotype | A genotype is an organism's complete set of genes or the specific combination of alleles (variants of a gene) an individual has for a particular trait |
| Homozygous | having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes. |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes. |
| Incomplete dominance | Incomplete dominance is a genetic inheritance pattern where neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a heterozygous offspring with an intermediate phenotype that is a blend of the two parental traits |
| Codominance | a genetic inheritance pattern where both alleles for a gene are fully and equally expressed in a heterozygous individual, resulting in a phenotype that displays both traits simultaneously without blending |
| Multiple alleles | three or more different forms of the same gene that exist within a population |
| Polygenic inheritance | is the inheritance of a trait controlled by two or more genes, each having a small but cumulative effect |
| Messenger RNA | the form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome |
| Transfer RNA | Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA molecule that functions as an adaptor in protein synthesis, carrying a specific amino acid to the ribosome to match a corresponding mRNA codon |
| Mutation | A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism |
| Sex chromosomes | Sex chromosomes are a type of chromosome directly involved in determining the biological sex of an organism |
| Sex-linked gene | A sex-linked gene is a gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y) that is passed down from parents to offspring in a pattern that differs between males and females |
| Carrier | a person or thing that carries, holds, or conveys something |
| Genetic disorder | A genetic disorder is a condition that is caused by changes in an individual's genes or chromosomes |
| Pedigree | the record of descent of an animal, showing it to be purebred |
| Karyotype | the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species |
| Selective breeding | is the process where humans choose organisms, such as plants or animals, with desirable traits to reproduce with each other, aiming to develop offspring with those same beneficial characteristics over multiple generations |
| Inbreeding | the breeding of closely related people or animals, especially over many generations |
| Hybridization | the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species or variety |
| Clone | an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical |
| Genetic engineering | the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. |
| Gene therepy | the introduction of a new, fully functioning gene into a person or other organism in order to treat an inherited disorder or other disease |
| Genome | the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism |
| Ethics | moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. |
| Meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring |
| Zygote | the single cell created when two gametes, typically a sperm and an egg, fuse during fertilization, containing the genetic material from both parents to form a new organism |
| Gametes | a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
| Protein Synthesis | Protein synthesis is the biological process by which cells create proteins. |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | Autosomal chromosomes, or autosomes, are the numbered pairs of chromosomes (1 through 22 in humans) that are not involved in determining sex and carry genes for most of the body's traits |
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