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Ch. 9 and 12 psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1 classical conditioning | a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus |
| 2 neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response |
| 3 unconditioned stimulus | an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training |
| 4 unconditioned response | an organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus |
| 5 conditioned stimulus | a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| 6 conditioned response | the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus |
| 7 generalization | responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli |
| 8 discrimination | the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli |
| 9 extinction | the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
| 10 operant conditioning | learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence |
| 11 reinforcement | stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| 12 secondary reinforcer | stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer |
| 13 primary reinforcer | stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water |
| 14 shaping | technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward |
| 15 response chain | learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next |
| 16 aversive control | process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli |
| 17 negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs |
| 18 escape conditioning | training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus |
| 19 avoidance conditioning | training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus |
| 20 social learning | process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
| 21 cognitive learning | form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation |
| 22 latent learning | alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior |
| 23 learned helplessness | condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable |
| 24 modeling | learning by imitating others; copying behavior |
| 25 token economy | conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards |
| 26 motivation | an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal |
| 27 instincts | innate tendencies that determine behavior |
| 28 drive | a state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal |
| 29 homeostasis | the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state |
| 30 incentive | an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior |
| 31 extrinsic motivation | engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives |
| 32 intrinsic motivation | engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations |
| 33 lateral hypothalamus (LH) | the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals |
| 34 ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) | the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating |
| 35 fundamental needs | biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life |
| 36 psychological needs | the urge to belong and to give and receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem |
| 37 self-actualization needs | the pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of one’s unique potential |
| 38 emotion | a set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior |
| 39 cognitive map | a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events |
Created by:
woodfordH