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7th ES Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the layers of Earth from most dense to least dense. | inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere, crust |
| Which two layers are solid? | crust and inner core |
| Why is the inner core solid rather than liquid? | The inner core is so hot that it should be liquid, but there is so much pressure that it is a solid |
| Which is the thickest layer? | Mantle= 84% of Earth's volume and 67% of Earth's mass |
| Which is the thinnest layer? | Crust = 1% of Earth's volume |
| What is the core mostly made of? | Iron and nickel |
| What is the mantle mostly made of? | silicate rock |
| What is oceanic crust made of? Continental crust? | Oceanic = Basalt Continental = Granit |
| What is the lithosphere? | Includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle |
| What is the asthenosphere? | Thick. semi-fluid layer. Just below the lithosphere. Plates are pushed and pulled by the movement within the asthenosphere. |
| Which layer has convection currents? | Mantle |
| What is the heat source for the convection currents in the mantle? | Heat from the outer core |
| What is a fault in geology? | A fracture between two blocks of rock |
| What is a seismic wave? | Energy waves released by sudden energy release (such as earthquakes) |
| What most likely occurs at this boundary? Convergent continental + continental | Mountain building |
| What most likely occurs at this boundary? Convergent continental + oceanic | Subduction (denser oceanic plate goes under continental plate) causes volcanoes and increased volcanic activity |
| What most likely occurs at this boundary? Divergent oceanic + oceanic | Mid-Ocean Ridge and seafloor spreading |
| What most likely occurs at this boundary? Transform | Earthquakes |
| What are mid-ocean ridges? | The space along divergent plate boundaries where mantle rises and cools to create new crust, results in seafloor spreading |
| What is seafloor spreading and how does it affect the movement of plates? | At divergent boundaries, where mantle rises and cools to form new crust, |
| What is continental drift? | The observation that continents were once together (Pangea), broke apart, and have drifted farther apart over time |
| What is the theory of plate tectonics? | Explains how major landforms are created as a result of convection currents in the mantle and large, slow-moving plates. |
| What types of evidence supports the theory of plate tectonics? | Similar/Identical fossils, landforms, mountains, rock layers can be found across continents that fit together like puzzle pieces. |
| What is the law of superposition? | In undisturbed rock layers: older layers on the bottom and younger at the top. |
| Compare and contrast relative and absolute dating. | Relative dating = comparing ages (older/younger) Absolute dating = actual age (radiometric/carbon dating) |
| Name the 5 processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks. | Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation |
| Give some possible characteristics of sedimentary rocks. | Layers, grains, pebbles, fossils. |
| Describe how metamorphic rocks are formed. | Other types of rocks undergo extreme pressure and heat. |
| Give possible characteristics of metamorphic rocks. | Very dense compared to other types of texture |
| Describe how igneous rocks are formed. | solidification of magma through cooling |
| Give common characteristics of igneous rocks. | High heat-resistance, crystalline texture |
| Where would you most likely find sedimentary rocks? | near bodies of water, such as rivers |
| Where would you most likely find igneous rocks? | near plate boundaries/volcanoes |
| What are negative impacts of urbanization? | Loss of habitat for animals, less plants/trees, increased air/water pollution |
| What are negative impacts of deforestation? | Can lead to flooding, increased erosion of soil, polluted waterways, loss of biodiversity, less plants=more air pollution, can eventually lead to desertification |
| What is desertification? | consequence of deforestation, in which fertile land becomes more and more like a desert (not useful for plants/animals/people) |
| Marine fossils were found at the top of a mountain. How can this be explained through plate tectonics? | The land where the fossils were found was once under the sea, but has been uplifted to form mountains. |
| Do faulting and igneous intrusions happen before or after the rock layers they cut through? | After. They are younger than the rocks they cut through. |
| Describe the state of matter for each layer of Earth. | Crust = solid, mantle = semi-solid (moves like thick oatmeal), outer core = liquid metal, inner core= solid (due to pressure) |
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