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Bio unit 2 (6/7)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells | euk- nucleus/memb bound organelles, larger, more complex pro- no nucleus, no memb bound organelles, DNA in nucleoid, smaller |
| signal transduction protein | receptor binds ligand, changes shape, starts signaling pathway in cell |
| carrier protein/do they allow any substances to pass through them | bind specific molecules and change shape (close/open) to shuttle them across the membrane. They only move specific substances |
| plasmolysis | plant cells loses water plasma membrane pulls away from the wall |
| phagocytosis | type of endocytosis, cellular eating, cell engulfs large particles |
| pinocytosis | cellular drinking- brings in fluids or small molecules |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | when a substance binds with a receptor protein and triggers endocytosis and cell brings them in |
| chromatin vs chromosomes | chromatin unwound, loose DNA, non dividing chromosomes- condensed DNA, during division |
| lysosome | breaks down macromolecules using enzymes digestion in cells lysosomes have acidic environments in them which is where enzymes work best |
| vacuoles | storage in plants, maintains turgor pressure |
| motor proteins | move material along the cytoskeleton |
| centrosome/centrioles | organize microtubules/ helps with cell division centrioles - within centrosomes |
| extracellular matrix | network outside cells that support, binds and communicates with cells |
| cell junctions | structures that connect cells for support or communication (Plasmodesmata Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions) |
| plasmodesmata | channels between adjacent plant cells that allow transport/communication |
| tight junctions | membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage between cells |
| gap junctions | channels between adjacent cells that allow communication- in animal cells |
| desmosomes | fasten/anchor cells together for strength |
| Endomembrane system | system of organelles with a double membrane (ER, Golgi, vesicles) that make and transport proteins/lipids |
| explain the sodium potassium pump | uses ATP to move 3 NA+ out and 2K+ in (against gradient) |
| glycolipids and glycoproteins function | cell ID tags for cell recognition and communication |
| cytoplasm | fluid (cytosol) inside cell where reactions occur |
| ribosomes | complexes that make proteins according to instructions from genes (site of protein synthesis) |
| nucleus | stores DNA and controls cell activities |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane around nucleus with pores for transport |
| nucleolus | makes rRNA and assembles ribosomes |
| smooth er | makes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxes drugs, produces steroids |
| rough er | makes proteins for secretion and membranes ribosomes are attached |
| golgi apparatus | modifies, stores and ships proteins |
| mitochondrian | site of cellular respiration, makes atp |
| chloroplast | site of photosynthesis |
| peroxisomes | breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies produces hydrogen peroxide |
| intermediate filaments | provide cell structure and support |
| cilia | short projections (microtubes) that move fluid across cells (like oars) |
| flagella | long tail used for cell movement |
| simple diffusion | passive movement of small/nonpolar molecules, (no protein, down gradient |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across the membrane (often via aquaporins) |
| facilitated diffusion | passive transport of polar molecules/ions through channel/carrier proteins with gradient |
| active transport | movement of substances against their gradient using ATP and transport proteins |
| exocytosis | bulk transport, in which vesicles fuse with plasma membrane to release materials outside the cell |
| hypertonic vs hypotonic vs isotonic | hypertonic- high solute, water leaves cell hypotonic- low solute, water enters cell isotonic- equal h20/solute on both sides, no net water movement |
| unsaturated vs saturated fats effect on membrane fluidity | unasat- can remain fluid to lower temps- double bonds prevent packing tightly sat- pack together, are more rigid at lower temps, straight tails pack tightly |
| cholesterol effect on membrane fluidity | prevents membrane from becoming too fluid at high temps or too rigid at low temps |
| integral proteins | membrane proteins embedded in the bilayer, often spanning both layers of the membrane, help with transport, signaling or enzymes |
| peripheral proteins | proteins loosely attached to the membrane surface that help with support, signaling or enzyme activity. |
| how do membrane carbs help cells | act as cell ids tags involved in cell-cell recognition, signaling and adhesion |
| channel protein | a transport protein that forms a hydrophilic tunnel through the membrane for specific ions or polar molecules |
| turgid | turgid- firm healthy state for plant cells |
| flaccid | limp plant cells, when plants cant get water |
| what does it mean when an animal cells lyses | in a hypotonic solution when too much water enters a cell |
| how does ATP affect transport proteins | phosphorylation changes protein shape, allowing active transport |
| cotransport | when active transport of a molecule indirectly drives transport of other molecules |
| evidence for endosymbiotic theory | double membrane own circular dna similar to bacteria |
| aquaporins | channel proteins that allow water to cross the plasma membrane |
| if water enters a cell what is the surround solution | hypotonic |
| if water leaves a cell what is the surrounding solution | hypertonic |
| function of the mitochondrion's double membrane | creates proton gradient used to make ATP |
| function of nad+ and fad in cellular respiration | electron carriers that transport high energy electrons |
| difference between NADH and fadh2 | NADH produces more ATP because it enters earlier in the ETC |
| animal vs plant cells | animal- no cell wall or chloroplasts, smaller vacuoles, have Lysosomes and centrioles plants- cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole. |
| compare transport types | diffusion- no protein, down gradient facilitated- protein, down gradient active- protein, against gradient |
| why is SA: V important | smaller cells exchange materials more efficiently |
| factors that affect memb fluidity | unsat vs sat fats- unsat= more fluid cholesterol- stabalizes temp- higher = more fluid |
| how do cells maintain membrane fluidity in changing temps | cold- increase unsat fats to keep membrane fluid hot- cholesterol reduces excess fluidity. |
| final electron acceptor in cellular respiration | oxygen |
| what happens if there's no oxygen in cellular respiration | etc would stop and no ATP would be produced |
| what sa: v is better for cells | higher sa:v because it increases efficiency of exchange of nutrients, gases, waste |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | making ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group from another molecule to adp |
| Amphipathic | having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions |
Created by:
Lilyhowes