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AP BIO ch 6-7 test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and animal/ plant | location of DNA animal; Lysosomes centrioles flagella plants: chloroplasts central vacuole cell wall plasmodesmata |
| signal transduction protein | has binding site with shape that fits shape of a chemical messenger, can cause protein to change shape which relays message to inside the cell by binding to cytoplasm protein |
| attachment proteins | microfilaments/ cytoskeleton elements that are non covalently bonded to membrane proteins- maintain cell shape/location of membrane proteins, and can coordinate extra/intracellular changes. |
| carrier protein/do they allow any substances to pass through them | bind to molecules and change shape (close/open) to shuttle them across the membrane. They only move specific substances |
| plasmolysis | when a plant cells loses water to its surroundings and shrinks and its plasma membrane pulls away from the wall. causes it to wilt or die |
| what is voltage in terms of membranes and cells? which side of the cell membrane is typically -/+? | voltage is created by differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions across a membrane. cytoplasmic side= negative charge, extracellular side= positive charge |
| what is the membrane potential/ how it is useful for cell? | its the voltage difference across a membrane, used for cellular work (regions on inside (+), want out) ( regions on outside (-), want in). |
| phagocytosis | type of endocytosis, cellular eating- lysosome will fuse to dump digestive enzymes to break down. (food, other smaller cells) |
| pinocytosis | cellular drinking- brings in fluids or small molecules (liquids, small molecules) |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | when a substance binds with a receptor protein and triggers endocytosis (requires receptor protein) vitamins, hormones |
| chromatin | the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes, unwound DNA, in non dividing cells |
| chromosomes | structures that carry genetic information, each contains one long DNA molecule when many proteins |
| lysosome | a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules hydrolyzes proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids enzymes work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome Digestion |
| vacuoles | derived from endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, Storage compartments In plant cells,large vacuole maintains turgor pressure through nutrient and water storage. In animal cells, are smaller in size/more plentiful/ store cellular materials. |
| food vacuole | are formed by phagocytosis, fuses with Lysosomes whos enzymes digest the food |
| contractile vacuole | found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells, maintains suitable concentration of ions and molecules |
| central vacuole | found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water, develops by other small vacuoles, plays major role in growth of cell |
| motor proteins | required for cell mobility with interaction with cytoskeleton |
| centrosome | area where microtubules are produced |
| centriole | within centrosomes each has set of MTs arranged in a ring (believed to help in the organization of MT during cell division) |
| extracellular matrix | made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins (Support, Adhesion, Movement, Regulation, Cell communication (intercellular)) |
| cell junctions | Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact Intercellular junctions facilitate this contact types(Plasmodesmata Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions) |
| plasmodesmata | channels between adjacent plant cells, water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell |
| tight junctions | membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid |
| gap junctions (communicating junctions) | provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells |
| desmosomes (anchoring junctions) | fasten cells together into strong sheets |
| Endomembrane system | organelles with a double membrane, regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell (Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Plasma membrane) |
| Extracellular components | Plants: primary cell wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall Animals: ECM, collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin |
| Intercellular junctions examples | Plants: plasmodesmata Animals: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions |
| explain the sodium potassium pump | 3 NA+ ions bind to pump, which cause hydrolysis of ATP, causes protein to change shape/flip to exterior, NA+ are released, 2 K+ bind, causing dephosphorylation, reverts to inward, released K+ (exports more charge than import) |
| glycolipids vs glycoproteins and their functions | surface molecules-identification tags for cell. vital for cell recognition, (allows immune system to distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign invaders), cell adhesion, (helps cells bind together to form tissues.) |
| nucleoid | region when cells DNA is (concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed) |
| cytoplasm | surrounds the nucleus and other organelles, filled with cytosol |
| ribosomes | complexes that make proteins according to instructions from genes |
| nucleus | contains most of the genes, controls activities, stores hereditary info |
| nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm, double membrane, pore structured that lets some molecules out of the nucleus |
| nucleolus | structure within the non dividing nucleus, RNA is synthesized by instructions from Dna here |
| smooth er | makes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxes drugs, produces steroids |
| rough er | cells secrete proteins when their ribosomes are attached to it. when a polypeptide chain grows its threaded into it then begins to fold. is a membrane factory for a cell |
| golgi apparatus | warehouse for receiving sorting shipping and manufacturing, products from ER go here and then are sent to other destinations. raw products come in, finished come out |
| mitochondrian | site of cellular respiration, metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate atp |
| chloroplast | site of photosynthesis |
| peroxisomes | metabolic compartment, have enzymes that remove H atoms and transfer them to oxygen producing hydrogen peroxide |
| intermediate filaments | fibrous proteins coiled into thicker cables, maintains cell shape |
| cilia | microtube containing extensions that projects from cells, propel through water (oars) |
| flagella | microtube containing extensions that projects from cells, generates force like a tail |
| simple diffusion | passive transport, with gradient, small/non-polar molecules, no protein required |
| osmosis | diffusion of water, facilitated passive diffusion, with gradient, using aquaporins (channel protein), small/non-polar molecules |
| facilitated diffusion | passive transport, with gradient, uses carrier/channel proteins, charger, polar, big molecules |
| active transport | against gradient, uses ATP, carrier proteins and protein pump, ions, sugars etc |
| exocytosis | bulk transport, vesicles from golgi fuse with plasma memb releasing contents |
| hypertonic vs hypotonic vs isotonic | hypertonic- high solute, low h20 (shrivels) hypotonic- low solute, high h20 (expands) isotonic- equal h20/solute on both sides |
| unsaturated vs saturated fats effect on membrane fluidity | unasat- can remain fluid to lower temps sat- pack together, are more rigid at lower temps |
| cholesterol effect on membrane fluidity | it acts as a buffer which stabilizes the membrane (at high temps it keeps it from being too fluid/at low temps keep it from being too rigid, also helps keep phospholipids together |
| integral proteins | span both layers of membrane |
| peripheral proteins | found on extracellular side of membrane only |
| intercellular joining | s the physical connection between adjacent cells to form tissues and facilitate communication. (hooks with membrane proteins in junctions) |
| cell- cell recognition | is a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another by binding to surface molecules on the plasma membrane. |
| function of membrane carbs | they are like ID tags, when cells bind to surface molecules which contains carbs |
| sides of bilayer | cytoplasmic and extracellular |
| channel protein | a hydrophobic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel |
| turgid | turgid- firm healthy state for plant cells |
| flaccid | limp, when plants cant get water |
| what does it mean when an animal cells lyses | in a hypotonic solution when too much water is in cell |
| what impact does phosphorylation using ATP have on a transport protein? | a conformational change (change in shape) that facilitates active transport. |
| cotransport | when active transport of a molecules indirectly drives transport of other molecules |
| what are some characteristics of the mitochondria and chloroplast that explain their evolution | double membrane own circular dna similar size to prokaryotes |
| aquaporins | channel proteins that allow water through the plasma membrane |
| in the diffusion lab why did the dialysis bag turn blue after the experiment was done | iki and starch were present |
| purpose/ results of cell size lab | purpose- to show how molecules diffuse in/throughout a cell and how size/shape affects its diffusion rates. results- the depth that the vinegar penetrated was the same but the volume that was penetrated was different for the different sized cubes |
| in the diffusion lab what was the purpose and results | purpose- show how the contents of solution/ the size of molecules can affect their movement through a cell membrane. results- the ability of substances/molecules to diffuse through the plasma membrane is affected by their size and their concentrations. |
| in the osmosis lab what was the purpose and results | purpose- show how the molarity of a solution in a cell affects the movement of water through its plasma membrane/effects the amount of mass gained/lost by the cell through osmosis. (mass of the bags at end of the experiment showed how water moved) |
| if a water solution moves into a cell what is the water solution around the cell compared to the cell? | the water solution around the cell is hypotonic (low solute, high water) compared to the cell while the cell is hypertonic (high solute, low water) compared to the water solution |
| if a water solution moves out of a cell what is the water solution around the cell compared to the cell? | the water solution around the cell is hypertonic (higher solute, less water) compared to the cell while the cell is hypotonic (less solute, more water) compared to the water solution |
| function of the mitochondrion's double membrane | inner membrane has specialized proteins that create a hydrogen ion concentration gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix |
| function of nad+ and fad in cellular respiration | except electrons during oxidative reduction reactions |
| difference between NADH and fadh2 | electrons of fadh2 are transferred through 3 complexes of the etc whereas NADH are transferred through all 4 complexes (FAdh2 1.5 ATP, nadh- 2.5 ATP) |
Created by:
Lilyhowes