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6.10-6.13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| White collar workers | salaried employees whose jobs do not involve manual labor |
| Joseph Pulitzer | A newspaper publisher whose New York World used sensationalism, crime stories, and investigative journalism to reach mass circulation |
| William Randolph Hears | A newspaper magnate whose New York Journal competed with Pulitzer’s papers by pushing scandals, exaggeration, and sensational journalism (yellow journalism) |
| Edward Bellamy | Author of Looking Backward a utopian novel envisioning a future society without poverty, greed, or crime. Criticizing laissez-faire and suggesting more government regulation |
| Social Gospel Movement | a reform movement led by protestant clergy which clergy which argued that christians had a responsibility to address social problems rather than just individual salvation |
| Susan B Anthony | A prominent leader of the women’s suffrage movement; co-founder of the national American Woman Suffrage Association to help secure voting rights for women |
| Temperance Movement | A social movement aiming to reduce or eliminate the use of alcoholic beverages. It was tied to reform efforts around family, labor, morality, and public order |
| Francis Willard | Leader in the temperance movement; she was president of the Women’s Christian temperance union and helped push for total abstinence from alcohol |
| Realism | a literary and artistic movement seeking to portray life and society “as they are”, often focusing on everyday characters. Social conditions, and truthful detail |
| Naturalism | An extension of realism, this style emphasized how environment, heredity, and social conditions control human beings, often with a more pessimistic or deterministic tone |
| Frederick Law Olmstead | Landscape architect credited with designing many public parks and green spaces, emphasizing the need for urban open space |
| Credit Mobilier | A corruption scandal involving the Union Pacific Railroad in which the credit mobilier construction company overcharged the railroad and bribed congress to avoid investigation |
| Interstate Commerce Act | Federal law regulating the railroads, it required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just”, forbade discriminatory practices, and created the interstate commerce commission |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | The first federal statute to outlaw monopolies and “combinations in restraint of trade.” Though weakly enforced at first, it set the legal foundation for future antitrust actions |
| Pendleton Act | Legislation that began civil service reform: created a system where some federal jobs would be filled based on competitive exams rather than by patronage |
| Soft Money | A monetary policy favoring inflation, increasing the money supply using silver or paper currency which debtors and farmers supported so they could repay loans more easily |
| Hard Money | Opposite of soft money; monetary police backing currency strictly by gold to ensure stability. Favored by bankers, creditors, and conservative financial interests |
| Coxey’s Army | An 1894 protest march led by Jacob Coxey: unemployed workers marched from Ohio to Washington, D.C., demanding federal government job creation and inflationary measures |
| William Jennings Bryan | Democratic candidate famous for his “Cross of Gold” speech in 1896 defending silver coinage. He campaigned heavily for farmers, debtors, and expanded monetary policy |
| Marcus Hanna | A political strategist and industrialist who managed William McKinley’s presidential campaign. He believed government should support business and helped organize campaign finance and publicity |
| William McKinley | Republican president who won with strong backing from business interests, supporting the gold standard and protectionist tariffs. Under his leadership, the era of republican dominance continued |
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