Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Stack #4537317
Exam Psyc Advanced Psyc Lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The three primary goals of scientific research are: | Describe behavior, Predict behavior, Explain behavior (identify cause-and-effect |
| Research Types | Primary Research: Collects original data experiments, surveys. Secondary Research: Analyzes existing data or literature. Basic Research: Focuses on theory-building and understanding principles. Applied Research: Focuses on practical applications. |
| Observation Types | Overt Observation: Participants know they are being observed. Covert Observation: Participants are unaware (used to reduce bias)Participant: The researcher joins the group and takes part in the activities.Non-Participant: The researcher observes from outs |
| Observation Types | Participant Observation: Researcher joins in the activity.Nonparticipant Observation: researchers observes without interaction |
| Debriefing and Deception | Deception: Withholding or misinforming participants about the study’s purpose. Debriefing: Explaining the true purpose and ensuring no harm occurs after the study. |
| Ethical Principles in Research | Belmont Report: Respect for persons, Beneficence, Justice Nuremberg Code: Voluntary consent, right to withdraw Declaration of Helsinki: Guidelines for ethical medical research |
| Ethical Oversight | Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) review all research proposals to ensure participant safety, informed consent, and ethical compliance before data collection. |
| Independent Measures | Key Concept: Used in between-subjects designs (different participants per condition). An independent-measures t-test compares means of two independent groups to see if they differ significantly. |
| Levene’s Test | Checks homogeneity of variance (whether groups have equal variances). If p > .05, variances are equal (OK to use standard t-test results). If p < .05, use the adjusted t-test (unequal variances). |
| APA Style Reporting (Statistics) | Correct order when reporting results: t(df) = value, p = value, d = effect size |
| Significance depends on: | Mean differences (bigger = more likely significant) Sample size (n) (larger n = smaller standard error) Variability (less variability = more significance) Alpha level (α = .05) |
| Cronbach’s Alpha | A measure of internal consistency reliability for multi-item scales. Values range from 0 to 1, with ≥ .70 generally considered acceptable. |
| True Score in Measurement | Observed Score = True Score + Error Reliability increases when error is minimized. |
| Reliability & Validity | Reliability = Consistency Validity = Accuracy A measure can be reliable without being valid, but it cannot be valid without being reliable. |
| Test–retest reliability: | Stability over time. |
| Internal consistency | Consistency across items (e.g., Cronbach’s α). |
| Inter-rater reliability | Agreement among different observers on whether they score or assess the same thing. |
| Construct validity: | The test measures the intended concept. |
| Criterion validity: | The test correlates with real-world outcomes. |
| Content validity: | The test covers all relevant aspects of the construct it's supposed to measure |
| True Score in Measurement | In psychological measurement, any observed score (what we actually record on a test) is made up of two parts: Observed Score = True Score + Error |
| Correlation Interpretation | A correlation tells you the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables. It is represented by r, the Pearson correlation coefficient. The value of r ranges from –1.00 to +1.00. |
| Direction of Relationship | Positive correlation (r > 0): As one variable increases, the other tends to increase. Negative correlation (r < 0): As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Zero correlation (r ≈ 0): No consistent relationship between the variables. |
| Strength of the Relationship | The closer |r| is to 1, the stronger the relationship. r = ±.90 → very strong r = ±.50 → moderate r = ±.20 → weak r = 0 → none Important: The sign (+/–) indicates direction, not strength. |
| Statistical Significance (p-value) | A p-value tells you whether the observed correlation is statistically significant, meaning it’s unlikely to have occurred by chance. Typically, p < .05 means the correlation is statistically significant. |
| P value | greater than 0.5 not significant |
| APA Style In-Text Citations | Format: (Author’s last name, year) or Author’s last name (year) |
| What a Correlation Coefficient | A correlation coefficient is a numerical value (ranging from –1.00 to +1.00) that measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two continuous variables. |
| Issues That Affect Correlation | a) Restricted Range: If your data only covers a small range of possible values, your r will appear smaller. b) Outliers: c) Non-linear Relationships: If variables relate in a curved pattern |
| r² | R² (R-squared) is a number that tells you how much of the variation in the outcome (Y) is explained by your predictors (X) in a regression. |
| A quasi-independent variable | a preexisting characteristic of a participant, such as age or gender, that is used to categorize groups in a study but cannot be manipulated by the researcher |
| Third-Variable Problem: | The third-variable problem occurs when a statistical correlation between two variables is misleading because an unmeasured, or third, variable is actually causing both of them to change. |
| What is the difference between regression and residuals | .Residuals are the differences between the actual values of Y and the values predicted by the regression. regression shows the trend, and residuals show how far off each prediction is. |
| What does standard error tell you in regression? | it tells you the average amount your predicted values differ from the actual values smaller standard errors mean more precise estimates, while larger ones mean less confidence in the predictions. |
| what does it look like for a coefficient to be statistically signigicant | A regression coefficient is statistically significant when there is strong evidence that it is different from zero (meaning the predictor has a real effect on the outcome) rather than the observed effect being due to random chance. |
| What’s the difference between b & beta? | b tells you the effect in real units. For example, “studying 1 extra hour increases your score by 2 points.”β (beta) tells you the effect in standardized units, so you can compare predictors even if they use different scales. |
| What does it meant to control a variable in Regression? | if you hold the controlled variable constant in the analysis, so the relationship you see isn’t confused by that variable ex:if you study how exercise affects blood pressure but control for age, you’re checking the effect of exercise independent of age. |
| What is the proper order of an APA style paper? | Title Page – Includes the paper title, author name, institution, course, instructor, and date.Abstract – A brief summary of the paper (usually 150–250 words). Introduction – Introduces the topic, background, and research question or hypothesis. |
| Proper order of APA paper | Method – Describes participants, materials, and procedure Results – Presents findings with text, tables, and/or figures; includes statistics.Discussion – Interprets the results, explains implications, limitations, and future research. References |
Created by:
Selahh