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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? | It began in Great Britain around 1760 and lasted until 1840. |
| Who invented the first practical steam engine? | Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen created early versions, and James Watt improved and popularized it in 1769. |
| What invention did Edmund Cartwright create? | The Power Loom, which mechanized weaving in textile factories. |
| Who invented the Cotton Gin and what did it do? | Eli Whitney invented it in 1793; it separated cotton fibers from seeds. |
| Who invented the steam railway locomotive? | Richard Trevithick in 1804. |
| Who invented the steamboat? | Robert Fulton in 1807. |
| Who invented the telegraph? | Samuel Morse in 1837. |
| What was one major social issue during the Industrial Revolution? | Child labor existed and was common in factories. |
| What was the main energy source that powered the Industrial Revolution? | Steam power. |
| What was one major effect of the Industrial Revolution on cities? | Urbanization — people moved from rural areas to work in city factories. ⚛️ 20th Century Science (Physics and Information Age) |
| Who developed the Theory of Relativity? | Albert Einstein. |
| What famous equation did Einstein introduce? | E = mc². |
| What scientific field led to nuclear bombs and nuclear-powered vehicles? | Nuclear physics. |
| What invention made modern computers possible? | The development of semiconductors and transistors. |
| Who discovered the structure of DNA? | James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. |
| What important biological structure was described in 1953? | DNA and chromosomes. |
| What medical advancement began in the 20th century? | Organ transplants. |
| What branch of technology involves programmable machines that can perform tasks? | Robotics. 🤖 Fourth Industrial Revolution |
| What are the main technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution? | Artificial Intelligence, Internet, smartphones, 3D printing, genetic engineering, and quantum computing. |
| What does the Fourth Industrial Revolution combine? | The physical, digital, and biological worlds. |
| What is 3D printing used for? | Creating physical objects from digital models layer by layer. 🇵🇭 Science and Technology in the Philippines 🪵 Pre-Spanish Era |
| What characterized science and technology in pre-Spanish Philippines? | Primitive tools and knowledge for farming, fishing, and weaving passed through oral traditions. ✝️ Spanish Colonial Era |
| When did modern science and education begin in the Philippines? | During the Spanish Colonial Era. |
| Who managed most schools during the Spanish period? | Spanish friars. |
| What is the oldest university in the Philippines and Asia? | The University of Santo Tomas (founded in 1611). |
| What limited intellectual freedom during the Spanish era? | Church control and fear of intellectual awakening. 👨⚕️ José Rizal and Science |
| Why did José Rizal study medicine? | To treat his mother, Teodora Alonso Realonda, who had cataracts. |
| What were José Rizal’s parents’ names? | Francisco Mercado (father) and Teodora Alonso Realonda (mother). |
| What does the name “Rizal” mean in English? | “Green pasture.” |
| Who was Rizal’s scientist friend? | Dr. Adolf B. Meyer. |
| When was José Rizal exiled? | July 7, 1892, to Dapitan. |
| Name three animals named after Rizal. | Draco rizali (flying lizard), Apogonia rizali (beetle), Rhacophorus rizali (frog). |
| What scientific publication did Rizal write? | Chronica de Ciencias Médicas Filipinas. 🇺🇸 American Colonial Era |
| How did the Americans influence science and education in the Philippines? | They established public schools, tertiary institutions, and research centers. |
| What did science focus on during the American period? | Public health, agriculture, and research. |
| What was the goal of the Commonwealth government in science and education? | Attaining the common good and national development. |
| What is PAGASA and what does it do? | The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration — monitors weather, climate, and astronomy. |
| Rizal's full name | José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda |
| When did the earliest development of science and technology in the Philippines begin? | Around 40,000 years ago, when the first inhabitants settled in Palawan and Batangas. |
| What were early Filipino tools made of? | Stone, used mainly for hunting and food gathering. |
| What were some technologies developed out of necessity during the Pre-Spanish Era? | Pottery, metallurgy (copper, bronze, iron), weaving, agriculture, and boat-building. |
| What was the main focus of science and technology during the Pre-Spanish Era? | Practical use for survival and meeting daily needs. ✝️ Spanish Colonial Era (1521–1898) |
| What major change did the Spanish introduce in 1521? | Formal education and modern science through religious institutions. |
| Who controlled early education during Spanish rule? | Spanish friars. |
| What was the purpose of charity hospitals founded by religious groups? | To serve as centers for research in medicine and pharmacy. |
| What was the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila? | A laboratory established in 1887 for biochemical analyses and disease research. |
| What limited scientific development during the Spanish Era? | The Church’s control over education and restricted intellectual freedom. 🇺🇸 American Period (1901–1935) |
| What did the Americans establish to improve education? | A public school system from elementary to tertiary levels. |
| When was the University of the Philippines founded? | In 1908. |
| What was the purpose of the Bureau of Science? | To conduct research in biology, chemistry, and vaccine production. |
| What organization was formed in 1933 to coordinate scientific research? | The National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP). |
| What publication allowed local scientists to share research? | The Philippine Journal of Science. 🇵🇭 Commonwealth Period to Japanese Occupation (1935–1946) |
| What was the main goal of the Commonwealth Period regarding science and technology? | To achieve economic self-reliance and use S&T for nation-building. |
| How did World War II affect scientific progress? | It halted research and destroyed institutions during Japanese occupation. |
| What replaced the Bureau of Science after independence in 1946? | The Institute of Science. |
| What law created the National Science Development Board (NSDB)? | The Science Act of 1958. |
| What were common problems faced by Filipino scientists during this time? | Lack of funds, low salaries, poor coordination, and weak planning. ⚙️ Science and Technology (1960s–1990s) 🏗️ Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965–1986) |
| How did the 1973 Constitution emphasize science and technology? | It recognized S&T as vital to national progress. |
| What area in Taguig became known as the Philippine Science Community? | A 35-hectare land in Bicutan, proclaimed in 1968. |
| What agencies were established under Marcos? | PAGASA, NAST, NSTA, National Grains Authority, and the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research. 👩🔬 Corazon C. Aquino (1986–1992) |
| What did Aquino’s government rename the NSTA into? | The Department of Science and Technology (DOST). |
| What was DOST’s main role? | To lead, coordinate, and formulate national science and technology policies. 🧑🔧 Fidel V. Ramos (1992–1998) |
| What was launched under Ramos to align research with economic growth? | STAND – Science and Technology Agenda for National Development. |
| How many competent scientists and engineers were recorded by 1988? | Around 3,000. 👩🏫 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001–2010) |
| What program did Arroyo introduce to promote innovation? | Filipinnovation, the national innovation strategy. |
| What education program was expanded under her administration? | The Philippine Science High School (PSHS) system. 🚀 Modern Achievements |
| What does Project NOAH stand for? | Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards. |
| What was the purpose of Project NOAH? | To improve disaster preparedness using data science and satellite monitoring. |
| What is Diwata-1? | The first Filipino-made microsatellite launched in 2016. |
| What were the uses of Diwata-1? | Weather observation, agriculture monitoring, and disaster management. ✅ |
| What does the historical development of S&T in the Philippines reveal about Filipinos? | Their adaptability, creativity, and resilience through every era of progress. |
| Around 3,000 years before Christ, which ancient civilization already had reasonably sophisticated medical practices? | The ancient Egyptians. |
| What was the name of the man renowned for his knowledge of medicine around 2650 B.C. in Egypt? | Imhotep. |
| What invention of Egyptian civilization, an ancient form of paper, revolutionized the transmission of information? | Papyrus. |
| From what plant was papyrus made? | The papyrus plant, a reed growing around the Nile river. |
| As early as 3,000 BC in ancient Egypt, what was papyrus used for? | As a writing material. |
| What did Mesopotamians invent around the time papyrus was first being used in Egypt? | The first known potter's wheel. |
| As early as 1,000 years before Christ, which culture was using compasses to aid their travels? | The Chinese. The Advent of Science (600 BC to 500 AD) |
| Which group of people do historians consider to be the first true scientists, collecting facts and observations to explain the natural world? | The ancient Greeks. |
| In what century BC did scientific thought in Classical Antiquity become tangible, beginning with pre-Socratic philosophers like Thales and Pythagoras? | The 6th century BC. |
| Who founded the Academy in circa 385 BC? | Plato. |
| Whose student begins the "scientific revolution" of the Hellenistic period? | Plato's student Aristotle. |
| Name two scholars from the Hellenistic period (3rd to 2nd centuries) who made substantial advances in scientific knowledge. | Eratosthenes, Euclid, Aristarchus of Samos, Hipparchus, and Archimedes (any two). |
| Archimedes is the father of... (based on the text you provided a list of fields/concepts). | Geography, trigonometry, buoyancy, algebra, psychoscience and more. |
| Who was a student of Aristotle? | Plato. |
| What is the traditional date range for the Islamic Golden Age? | From the eighth century to the fourteenth century. |
| The Islamic Golden Age traditionally began during the reign of which Abbasid caliph (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad? | Harun al Rashid. |
| Name one of the three main subject areas in which Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range. | Astronomy, mathematics, and medicine (any one). |
| What is the Qibla? | The direction in which to pray (determined using astronomy). |
| Name a scholar whose work led to advances in algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and Arabic numerals during the Islamic Golden Age. | Al Khwarizmi, Avicenna, or Jamshid al Kashi (any one). |
| Which Islamic scholar is credited with works in algebra, where the term "al jebr" comes from? | Al Khwarazimi. |
| Which two scholars produced books with descriptions of hundreds of drugs made from medicinal plants and chemical compounds? | Al Biruni and Avicenna. |
| Which two important medical texts are associated with the scholar Avicenna? | Book of Healing and Canon of Medicine. |
| Name a disease that Islamic doctors described during this period. | Smallpox and measles (either one). |
| Name an Islamic physicist who studied optics and mechanics and criticized Aristotle's view of motion. | Ibn Al Haytham or Al Biruni (either one). |
| What is the English title for Al Khwarazimi's influential book (Kitab al mukhtasar fi hisab...)? | The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing (or similar variations, often simplified to Algebra). |
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