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Botany exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is gametophyte dominance? | Gametophyte is larger, has a longer lifespan, and is nutritionally independent. |
| What conditions can bryophytes survive in? | Wet conditions |
| Bryophytes are small, prostrate plants lacking what? | Lignified vascular tissue |
| What are the first terrestrial plants? | Bryophytes |
| Hornworts phylum | Anthocerophyta |
| Anthocerophyta: hornworts 3 traits | 1. Thalloid 2. Cells are monoplastidic 3. Sporophytes have stomata, cuticle, and grow from a basal meristem |
| Monoplastidic meaning | Cells have one large plastid and a pyrenoid |
| What plants do bryophytes contain? | Hornworts (Anthocerophyta), Thalloid liverworts (Marchantia), and Mosses (Bryophyta) |
| Thalloid liverwort phylum | Marchantia |
| Bryophyta: mosses 2 traits | 1. Leafy (spirally arranged), most leaves have costa 2. Some mosses have conductive tissues (not lignified): hydroids and leptoids |
| Hydroids vs lepitoids | Hydroids conduct water, leptoids conduct sugars |
| Mosses phylum | Bryophyta |
| Homosporous vs heterosporous | Homosporous- all spores are the same size (produce bisexual gametes) Heterosporous- spores have 2 different sizes, megaspores and microspores. Produce mega and microsporophytes. |
| What 3 groups do SVP’s contain? | Lycopodium, Selaginella, and Monilophyta (Ferns, and Horsetails) |
| 3 characteristics SVP’s evolved | 1. Lignified vascular tissue 2. Sporophyte dominant life cycle 3. Sporophyte branching (dichotomous) |
| What structure do SVP’s have for asexual reproduction? | Rhizomes |
| Club and spike moss phylum | Lycopodiophyta |
| Fern phylum | Monilophyta |
| What is the term for a fiddlehead unrolling | Circinate vernation |
| Horsetail phylum | Monilophyta |
| Xerophytic leaf features | -high vol, low SA:V ratio -thick cuticle -stomata hidden on bottom -bulliform cells -hypodermis |
| What 3 layers is the ripened ovary (surrounding the seed) of fruits composed of? What are they called as a group? | Exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Together called the pericarp. |
| Traits of achene fruits and example(s) | -Thin pericarp -single seed -pericarp attached to seed at a single point Ex. Dandelion, sunflower, strawberry |
| Traits of Samara fruits and example(s) | -achene but with wings Ex. Maple helicopters |
| Traits of caryopsis fruits and example(s) | -similar to achene -“fruit of the grasses” -pericarp fully fused to seed coat Ex. Corn kernel |
| Traits of nuts and example(s) | -stony pericarp -single large seed Ex. Hazelnut, acorn (not peanuts, almonds, etc) |
| Traits of schizocarp fruits and example(s) | -carpels break apart at maturity Ex. Maple helicopters |
| Traits of follicle fruits and example(s) | -1 carpel, splits open at single seam Ex. Larkspur |
| Traits of legume fruits and example(s) | -1 carpel, splits open at 2 seams Ex. Beans, peanuts |
| Traits of capsule fruits and example(s) | -several fused carpels that split open at maturity Ex. Poppy, cotton |
| Traits of berry fruits and example(s) | -thin exocarp -thick, fleshy mesocarp -many seeds Ex. Tomato, kiwi, blueberry |
| Traits of pepo fruits and example(s) | -modified berries -tough but thin exocarp -fleshy mesocarp -many seeds Ex. Pumpkin, squash |
| Traits of hesperidium fruits and example(s) | -modified berry -exocarp and mesocarp form leathery rind -locules have juice filled trichomes -ex. Citrus - orange, lemon, grapefruit |
| Traits of pome fruits and example(s) | -fleshy part=hypanthium -pericarp forms papery core Ex. Apple, pear |
| Traits of drupe fruits and example(s) | -thin exocarp -thick mesocarp -stony endocarp -single seed Ex. Peaches, plums, cherries, apricots, mangoes |
| Traits of dry drupe fruits and example(s) | -open inside -fleshy inside Ex. Walnuts and coconuts |
| How to aggregate fruits form | -single flower, many free carpels |
| Example(s) of aggregates of drupelets | Blackberries, raspberries |
| Example(s) of aggregates of achenes | Strawberries |
| How do multiple fruits form and example(s) | -develop from an inflorescence Ex. Pineapple and mulberry |
| How do multiple fruits form and example(s) | -fleshy part is made from something other than the ovary Ex. Strawberries, rose hips |
| 2 Differences of a hornwort and a liverwort | Hornwort has 1 giant chloroplast and sporangia, Liverwort has a bunch of small chloroplasts and produces seta and a capsule |
| 3 main differences of mosses and lycophytes | Mosses have gametophyte dominance, lycophytes have sporophyte dominance. Mosses are non vascular while lycophytes are vascular. Mosses have rhizomes instead of roots while lycophytes have true roots and leaves. |
| Traits of animal ingested dispersal agents | Nutritious coating, easy to access |
| Traits of animal attachment dispersal agents | Texture to stick to animals such as a sticky outside or a spiky/stickery outside |
| Traits of wind dispersal agents | Aerodynamic, light, easy to break off plant |
| Traits of water dispersal agents | Buoyant, waxy |
| Traits of ballistic dispersal agents | Dries out, builds pressure |
| What characterizes a fungi? | Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic, Unicellular or produces mycelium, spores as propagules, cell walls w/ chitin, cell membranes with ergosterol, glycogen storage carb, externally digest food. |
| Chytridiomycota characteristics | Aquatic w/ swimming zoospores, many plant and some animal parasites, mutualisms in guts of ruminants (hoofed mammals) |
| Zygomycota characteristics | Produces zygospores, common causes of rot on fruit and veggies, some important pathogens. |
| Characteristics of glomeromycota | Endomycorrhizal fungi, colonize ~90% of plant roots, mutualistic; helps plants get nutrients and water for a reward of sugar |
| How are molds formed | Fungi reproducing asexually |
| Ascomycota characteristics | Simple septations in hyphae, produce spores in ascus, short dikaryotic phase (n+n) |
| How do ascomycota reproduce | Make spores in an ascus |
| What type of fungi is yeast used for bread and alcohol making | Ascomycetes |
| Basidiomycota characteristics | Mushroom-forming fungi, complex separations in hyphae, clamp connections, dikaryotic, produce spores on basidia. (Form lichens, many form ectomycorrhizal relationships, some are yeasts, they include rusts and smuts.) |
| What does it mean for a fungi to have ectomycorrhizal properties? | It has a relationship with trees (typically in the roots) |
| Ecological importance of mutualist fungi | Plants would likely have not survived on land without them |
| Ecological importance of decomposer fungi | Decompose dead matter which helps with carbon cycling |
Created by:
BioloG