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AP Bio - Cell Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell membrane | the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, made of phospholipids, maintains homeostasis |
| vacuole | a vesicle that holds water to maintain turgor pressure and prevent wilting in plants |
| ribosomes | location for protein synthesis, has rRNA with riboenzymes (enzymes that make peptide bonds) |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that wrap around proteins to make chromatin, which then coils to form chromosomes |
| Rough ER | ER that is dotted with ribosomes where proteins are made |
| Golgi Apparatus | receives proteins through the cis end in vesicles, modifies and packages proteins for transport, and then releases them through the trans end in another vesicle |
| Smooth ER | ER where lipids are synthesized, calcium is stored, and glycogen is broken down in the liver |
| Lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes |
| Secondary lysosomes | fusion of a primary lysosome with a phagosome, in which macromolecules taken up by phagocytosis are hydrolyzed into their monomers |
| Mitochondria | where chemical energy is converted into ATP, has a double membrane (outer is very porous and the inner has folds called cristae that increase surface area), also has DNA |
| Choloroplast | An organelle in plants that performs photosynthesis |
| Peroxisomes | Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| microfilament (cytoskeleton) | component of the cytoskeleton involved in cell mobility/dynamic stability, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis, ex: actin and myosin help movement in muscle cells |
| intermediate filaments (cytoskeleton) | rope-like protein fibers within the cytoskeleton that provide mechanical strength to cells and tissues, maintaining cell shape, anchoring organelles, and withstanding tension |
| microtubules (cytoskeleton) | (made of tubulin) give the cell rigidity and act as tracks for organelle movement, make up flagella/cilia with a 9 +2 arrangement |
| flagella/cilia | provide movement through microtubules, dynein causes sliding motion and nexin causes bending, have a 9+2 arrangement |
| plasmodemata | connects adjacent plant cells |
| tight junctions | connection of two adjacent animal cell membranes such that the space usually lying between them is absent (stomach and bladder) |
| gap junctions | (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells (cardiac muscles) |
| problem if a cell gets too big | SA to volume ratio shrinks, which makes the cell less efficient because it is harder for nutrients to get in and out |
| Kinesin | motor protein that moves the vesicles by "walking" them |
| cell wall | is rigid and provides support in plant cells, made of cellulose |
| cyanobacteria | Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis; different proteins for photosynthesis |
| endomembrane system | a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. this includes the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles |
| Phagocytosis | how macromolecules may enter the cell (part of the cell membrane encloses the material and phagosome is formed) |
| golgi apparatus regions | - cis region: receives vesicles containing proteins from the ER - trans region: vesicles bud off from the Golgi apparatus and travel to the cell membrane or to lysosomes - medial region: in between trans and cis regions |
| peptidoglycan | layers surrounding bacterial cells |
| cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
Created by:
lreynal