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Poli Sci Midterm 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nations | Group of people sharing cultural traits, language, history, and identity |
| Nation-states | A state where political boundaries align with single national identity. Boundaries of state and nation overlap |
| Nationalism | Individual's loyalty to the nation-state goes beyond their interests of others, group or individual Emphasized national identity over any other identity |
| Anarchy | A form of society without rulers |
| Sovereignty | Supreme power or authority |
| Four criteria for defining a state today | Political entity with defined 1) territory, 2) population, 3) government, and 4) sovereignty |
| Classical liberalism | Theory that humans have moral codes that prevent them from going to war. Cooperation is a natural part of us, we have options and it doesn't have to be out of self interest |
| Core principles of liberalism | Morality, democratic government, self-determination, interdependence, people will do what they can to not go to war |
| Democratic peace theory | Theory that democratic nations don't go to war with one another because of mutual understanding of trust, checks and balances prevent conflict |
| Dates of WWI | 1914-1918 |
| Dates of WWII | 1939-1945 |
| Dates of Cold War | 1945-1991 |
| World liberal order | UN, NATO, IMF, World Bank, World Bank, UDHR - built to promote democracy, trade and peace |
| Proxy wars | Smaller individual wars where governments fun other governments |
| Neoliberalism | Focus on economic interdependence, but goes through capitalism. If we become economically intertwined, we'd be safer |
| Capitalism | Prioritizes minimal governmental intervention, private organization, market competition, and pursuit of self interest |
| Trickle down economics | Wealth given to elites "trickles down" -- often increases inequality |
| Unipolarity | One state holds the most power and dominates the global system |
| Bipolarity | Two equally powerful states dominate global system |
| Multipolarity | Three or more states have similar amounts of power |
| Classical realism | Man is ego-driven, self-interested, and concerned about power |
| Neo-realism (structural realism) | Anarchy means states will do whatever is in their best interest |
| States as rational actors | States carefully calculate their options and make decisions based on maximizing interests |
| Material reality | Making decisions is based on concrete reality more interested in hard power |
| Balance of power theory | There's a constant push and pull. Countries are always trying to keep one state from dominating |
| Foundational tenets of realism | HUMAN NATURE is focused on self-preservation. ANARCHY is ultimate, there's no centralized political authority. STATISM, thinking of states as actors. States relentlessly seek POWER. Focus on STATE SURVIVAL beyond morality and ethics. Power brings AUTONOMY |
| Constructivism | Looks at how social interactions impact our perspectives. We construct reality based on our own experiences and perceptions |
| Social construct | Exists because people agree it does (money, borders, flags, gender, sovereignty) |
| Examples of social constructs | Gender, social class, intelligence, clothing, race, money (it has power because you give it power) |
| Constructivism understanding of anarchy | What states make of it |
| Constructivism understanding of threats | Based on perception, not objective reality |
| Constructivism understanding of borders | Socially created boundaries |
| Constructivism understanding of state identity | Formed through culture and interaction |
| Formal and informal norms | Written laws and treaties (UN Charter) vs. unwritten expectations (diplomacy, respect for borders) |
| Critical theory and its core objectives | Aim to critique and change society |
| Hegemony | People who are part of the system are conditioned to be proud of it |
| Marx Capitalism | An exchange of goods and labor for profit. Only the owners reap the benefits, will ultimately self-destruct. |
| Marx Socialism | The government takes control over means of production, equal distribution of goods and services |
| Marx Communism | Everyone works together for the common good, takes what they need without excess, classless society. |
| Bourgeoisie | Top 1% own production of goods and labor |
| Proletariat | Wage earners do the work but don't reap the benefits |
| Five stages of human development | Primitive communism (work for resources, collective ownership), Feudalism (decisions made by ruler, everyone's role is to serve king), Capitalism (masses always working), Socialism (class revolution, gov. takes everything), Communism (classless society) |
| Capitalism as opposite of freedom | Executives are paid much higher than workers, people do not reap rewards of their work, trapped in a system designed to benefit the 1% at the expense of the workers |
| Communism vs socialism | Socialism is a precursor to communism. Soc: state controls means of production. Comm: people work for happiness, only take what they need |
| Development theory | Technological and economic development lead to stable democracies |
| World systems theory | Applies Marxist theories to current politics: that the state is an instrument of the ruling class and society is structured within hierarchy |
| Keynesian economics | Some governmental intervention is necessary. Should step in when we reach recessions and depressions. |
| Neoliberalism as hegemony | If you work harder, you'll get more. But you're actually working for the 1%. |
| Gender as a social construct | Gender is based on societal expectations of how people perceive as men and women are supposed to act |
| Where are the women? Three areas of concern - knowledge, methods, embodied presence | Understanding that all knowledge is biased. Women are expected to be in private sphere, men in public sphere. Feminist IR analyzes the disproportionate impact global political conduct has on women |
| Why does it matter where the women are? | Research shows female voices impact potential for conflict resolution, women shattering glass ceiling has global implications |
| Ways in which feminists have challenged the discipline of IR | They understand power with and power through rather over |
| Post-colonialism | Investigates effects of colonial legacies on politics today, interested in voices most on the margins |
| Polity | A group of people who can exercise self-rule |
| Imperialism | When a stronger polity enforces will upon a weaker polity |
| Empire (formal) | A polity that governs multiple regions, often through conquest and centralized rule |
| Empire (modern) | Military, economic, and cultural dominance over policies. Extend their influence over other states without direct colonization |
| Colonialism | Practice of one country gaining control over another |
| Orientalism | Study of how the global East is viewed and marginalized by the global West |
| Subaltern | Those who are most marginalized in society, politics, and economics |
| Othering | One group sees itself as the norm, everyone else is the "other" |
| Racialization | The act of considering someone/something based on race |
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