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bio exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes are | predominately unicellular |
| Eukaryotes | include animal cells, plants, fungi, and protists |
| all cells share what kind of common features | plasma membrane,cytoplasm,DNA, and ribosomes |
| plant cells have the three c's. | chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall |
| The nuclear envelope consists of a | double phospholipid bilayers (double- membrane): an outer membrane and an inner membrane |
| The nucleolus is a | condensed region of chromatin within the nucleus and is the site where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and associated proteins assemble into ribosomal subunits |
| During protein synthesis, ribosomes translate the code provided by the | MRNA into an amino acid polypeptide |
| Locations of protein synthesis | in the cytosol, and on the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Peroxisomes are small | specialized metabolic organelles enclosed by a single membrane |
| what detoxify poisons from cells | peroxisomes |
| Chloroplasts are found in | plant, algae and photosynthetic protists |
| The chloroplast has an | outer membrane, an inner membrane, and membrane structures called thylakoids |
| The endomembrane system | is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together |
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a | series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules |
| The ER membrane is | continuous with the nuclear envelope and accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells |
| Ribosomes transfer their newly synthesized proteins into | the rough ER lumen where they undergo structural modifications, such as folding or acquiring side chains |
| SER functions include | synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; and storing calcium ions |
| Golgi apparatus: | a series of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae |
| As the proteins and lipids travel through the Golgi, they undergo | further modifications that allow them to be sorted |
| Lysosome: are | membranous digestive compartment that contain hydrolytic enzymes |
| Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules, | a process called autophagy |
| during autophagy, a damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol becomes surrounded by a | double membrane, and a lysosome fuses with the outer membrane |
| Vesicles and vacuoles are | membrane-bound sacs derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus |
| Transport Vesicle can fuse with | either the plasma membrane or other membrane systems |
| Food vacuoles are formed during | phagocytosis |
| The cytoskeleton is a network of | protein fibers that extend throughout the cytoplasm |
| The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of fibers | Microfilaments 2. Intermediate filaments 3. Microtubules |
| Microfilaments are | composed of two actin subunits and is located beneath the plasma membrane |
| Intermediate filaments are | rope-like fibers that range in diameter from 8-10 nm |
| Structural Support: | Provide mechanical strength to cells and help maintain the cells shape |
| Stability: | Anchor organelles like the nucleus and fix other organelles in their place |
| n animal cells, the centrosome is the | microtubule-organizing center. |
| The centrosome contains two centrioles, each structured with | nine sets of microtubule triplets organized in a circular pattern |
| Cilia | short numerous hair-like projections that can move either an entire cells |
| Movement is powered by | dynein motor proteins |
| The ECM is a complex network of macromolecules outside | cells that provides structural and biochemical support |
| Major Components ECM | Integrins,fibronectin,collagenfiber,proteoglycans |
| Cells receive information from the ECM through | integrin receptors |
| Mechanical signals from the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, initiating | intracellular chemical signaling |
| Plant cell walls are primarily composed of | cellulose fibers, along with other polysaccharides and structural proteins |
| Plasmodesmata: a | microscopic channels that pass-through plant cell walls, connecting the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. |
| Intercellular Communication: | Allow direct exchange of molecules like ions, nutrients, and signaling molecules |
| Tight junction: is a | watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells |
| Desmosomes: | act to form a very strong spot welds between adjacent cells. |
| Cadherins | short proteins in the plasma membrane |
| Gap junctions: are a | protein-lined channels between adjacent cells |
| Aphospholipid is a | lipid molecule with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group |
| The immune response damages | microvilli, and thus, afflicted individuals cannot absorb nutrients |
| cytoplasm consists of | 70 to 80 percent water, it has a semi-solid consistency, which comes from the proteins within it |
| The nuclear envelope is a | double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus' outermost portion |
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ecoesfeldd