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Western Civ.
Chapters 12 & 13
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| A cultural movement beginning in 14th-century Italy marked by renewed interest in classical learning, art, humanism, and exploration, spreading throughout Europe. | Renaissance |
| A medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and cities across northern Europe, especially around the Baltic and North Seas, dominating trade from the 13th to 15th centuries. | Hanseatic League |
| A wealthy and powerful banking family in Florence who became major patrons of Renaissance art and humanism, playing a critical political role in the city. | Medici |
| Written by Baldassare Castiglione, this book outlined the ideals of a Renaissance courtier, blending military skill, intellect, and manners. | Book of Courtier |
| Independent city-states and territories in Italy such as Florence, Venice, Milan, and the Papal States that were centers of political power and artistic innovation during the Renaissance. | Italian States |
| A leading Italian city-state and cultural center of the Renaissance, famous for its art, architecture, and role in banking. | Florence |
| Renaissance political thinker, author of "The Prince," known for his realistic and sometimes cynical views on political power and leadership. | Niccolo Machiavelli |
| An early humanist poet known for reviving classical Latin literature and emphasizing classical ideals. | Petrarch |
| Inventor of the printing press with movable type, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge in Europe. | Johannes Gutenburg |
| Artists who embraced realism, perspective, and classical themes to produce influential works of art during the Renaissance. | Renaissance Artists |
| Renowned polymath and artist famous for works such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, embodying the Renaissance ideal of the “universal man.” | Leonardo da Vinci |
| Famous Renaissance painter known for Madonnas and frescoes in the Vatican, blending harmony and classical beauty. | Raphael |
| Master sculptor, painter, and architect, noted for the statue of David and the Sistine Chapel ceiling. | Michelangelo |
| A German Renaissance artist known for his woodcuts, engravings, and contributions to printmaking. | Albrecht Durer |
| The Grand Prince of Moscow who expanded Russian territory, ended Mongol dominance, and declared Moscow the Third Rome. | Ivan III |
| A Czech reformer who criticized church corruption and was burned at the stake for heresy, influencing later Protestant movements. | John Hus |
| A Renaissance movement combining humanist learning and Christian values, aiming to reform the Church through a focus on ethics and inner faith rather than rituals. | Christian Humanism |
| Dutch Christian humanist who called for Church reform, emphasized education, and published a Greek New Testament, influencing the Reformation. | Erasmus |
| Author of "The Imitation of Christ," promoting personal devotion and humility, influential in Christian humanist spirituality. | Thomas a Kempis |
| German monk and theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation, emphasized justification by faith, and protested Church abuses via the 95 Theses. | Martin Luther |
| The Protestant doctrine that faith alone grants salvation, contrasting with Catholic emphasis on faith and works. | Justification by Faith |
| Luther’s 1517 document criticizing indulgences and Church corruption, sparking the Reformation. | 95 Theses |
| Swiss reformer advocating radical reforms and differing from Luther on Eucharistic theology. | Ulrich Zwingli |
| Radical reformers rejecting infant baptism, promoting adult baptism and separation of Church and state, often persecuted. | Anabaptists |
| English monarch who broke with Rome over marriage annulment, founding the Church of England. | King Henry VIII |
| Anglican liturgical book standardizing worship, compiled in Henry VIII’s reign. | Book of Common Prayer |
| French Reformer who developed Calvinism, emphasizing predestination and a disciplined Christian life. | John Calvin |
| Calvin’s theological treatise explaining Protestant beliefs. | Institutes of Christian Religion |
| Calvinist belief that God preordains who will be saved or damned. | Predestination |
| Scottish reformer who established Presbyterianism in Scotland based on Calvinist principles. | John Knox |
| Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, focusing on education, missions, and Counter-Reformation efforts. | Jesuits |
| Founder of Jesuits, emphasized spiritual exercises and Catholic revival. | Ignatius Loyola |
| Catholic Church list banning heretical texts to prevent spread of Protestant ideas. | Index of Forbidden Books |
| 16th-century Catholic council addressing reforms and doctrine in response to Protestantism. | Council of the Trent |
| French Calvinist Protestants persecuted during French religious wars. | Huguenots |
| English queen who established the Elizabethan Religious Settlement promoting moderate Protestantism. | Queen Elizabeth |
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