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Western Civ.
Chapters 10 & 11
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| A ruler who exercises sovereign authority over a kingdom, often hereditary; monarchies centralized power in medieval Europe. | King (Monarchy) |
| A decisive battle fought on October 14, 1066, in which William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold Godwinson of England, leading to the Norman conquest of England. | Battle of Hastings |
| English king who reigned in the 12th century, known for legal reforms, including the development of common law and strengthening royal justice. | Henry II |
| Archbishop of Canterbury who opposed King Henry II's attempts to control the Church and was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral, becoming a martyr and saint. | Thomas Becket |
| A charter signed in 1215 by King John of England that limited royal power and established certain legal rights for nobles, laying foundations for constitutional government. | Manga Carta |
| The representative legislative body in England that evolved to include nobles, clergy, and commoners and exercised important political functions. | Parliament |
| A French assembly representing the three estates: clergy, nobility, and commoners, serving as an advisory body to the king. | Estaes-General |
| A complex political entity in Central Europe, emerging in the 10th century, which sought to revive the western Roman Empire under a Christian emperor. | Holy Roman Empire |
| Mongol leader who unified the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol Empire, creating the largest contiguous empire in history. | Chinggis Khan |
| The controversial practice in which secular rulers appointed bishops and church officials, leading to conflicts with the papacy. | Lay Investiture |
| Powerful medieval pope who asserted papal supremacy over secular rulers, initiated the Fourth Crusade, and reformed the Church. | Pope Innocent III |
| High-ranking church official appointed by the pope, often involved in governing the Church and electing popes. | Cardinal |
| A 12th-century German abbess, mystic, composer, and writer, influential in medieval religious and cultural life. | Hildegard of Bingen |
| Founder of the Franciscan order known for his vows of poverty and dedication to living the life of Christ. | Francis of Assisi |
| Founder of the Dominican order, emphasizing scholarship and preaching to combat heresy. | Dominic |
| Individuals recognized for their holiness and virtue, often venerated and believed to intercede with God on behalf of believers. | Saints |
| Mother of Jesus Christ, highly venerated in medieval Christianity as a symbol of purity and divine grace. | Virgin Mary |
| Physical remains or personal effects of saints preserved for their holy significance and often housed in churches. | Relics |
| A religious sect in medieval southern France considered heretical by the Church, leading to the Albigensian Crusade against them. | Cathars/Albigensians |
| Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews, which was prevalent in medieval Europe. | Anti-Semitism |
| Series of religious wars initiated by the Latin Church during the High Middle Ages aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim control. | Crusades |
| A devastating pandemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe between 1347-1351, killing an estimated 25 to 50 million people | Black Death |
| A prolonged conflict (1337-1453) between England and France over territorial claims and the French crown, marked by major battles and shifting fortunes. | Hundred Years' War |
| A peasant girl who claimed divine guidance, led French troops to several victories during the Hundred Years’ War, and was eventually captured and executed by the English; later canonized as a saint. | Joan Of Arc |
| The lower chamber of the English Parliament representing commoners, including knights and townspeople, gaining increasing political importance in medieval England. | House of Commons |
| The upper chamber of the English Parliament, composed of nobles and high clergy. | House of Lords |
| A decree issued in 1356 by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV establishing the procedures for electing the emperor by a group of prince-electors. | Golden Bull |
| A maritime city-state in northern Italy that thrived on trade and commerce and maintained a republican government for centuries. | Republic of Venice |
| The city in France where the papacy was relocated from 1309-1377, during the Avignon Papacy, which undermined the prestige of the church. | Avignon |
| A split within the Catholic Church (1378-1417) when multiple individuals claimed to be the true pope, causing confusion and weakening Church authority. | Great Schism |
| A mystic and reformer who influenced the papacy to return from Avignon to Rome and was later declared a saint. | Catherine of Siena |
| Italian poet famous for writing "The Divine Comedy," a medieval epic that describes the soul’s journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. | Dante Alighieri |
| English poet known for "The Canterbury Tales," a collection of stories illustrating medieval English society. | Geoffrey Chaucer |
| Mechanical devices that began to be used in medieval Europe, symbolizing technological advancement and changing perceptions of time. | Clock |
| Early gunpowder artillery introduced in the late Middle Ages, revolutionizing warfare by breaching castle walls and changing battlefield dynamics. | Cannon |
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