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Western Civ.
Chapter 8 & 9
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| King of the Franks (768–814 CE), crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 CE, who united much of Western Europe, reformed administration, promoted learning in the Carolingian Renaissance, and laid the foundation for medieval European civilization. | Charlemagne |
| Pope who crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans in 800 CE, reinforcing the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Church. | Leo III |
| Scandinavian seafarers and warriors who raided, traded, and settled across Europe from the late 8th to the 11th century, influencing many regions. | Vikings |
| Central figures in feudalism. (...) owned land and granted portions to (...) in exchange for military service and loyalty. | Lord and Vassal |
| Mounted warriors who served their lords in combat, bound by codes of chivalry emphasizing honor and service. | Knights |
| Peasant laborers who were legally bound to work the land on a lord’s manor and provide services, but were not slaves. | Serfs |
| Ethnic groups in Eastern Europe who spread into the Balkans, Russia, and parts of Central Europe during the early Middle Ages. | Slavs |
| Byzantine missionary brothers who spread Christianity among the Slavs and created the Cyrillic alphabet to translate religious texts. | Cyril & Methodius |
| Grand prince of Kiev who converted to Christianity and Christianized Kievan Rus’, strengthening ties with Byzantine culture. | Vladimir |
| Capital of the Muslim-ruled region of Al-Andalus, renowned for its cultural, intellectual, and architectural achievements in the Middle Ages. | Cordoba |
| During the medieval period, preserved and advanced by Islamic scholars, who translated Greek texts and developed innovations like algebra. | Mathematics |
| An iron blade that was able to till dense northern European soils deeper and more effectively than previous wooden plows, helping increase agricultural productivity. | Iron Plow |
| An agricultural crop rotation method where farmland is divided into three parts; one planted with winter crops, a second with spring crops, and a third left fallow, improving soil fertility and yields. | Three-field System |
| Mechanical devices, often used to grind grain into flour, increasing efficiency in medieval agriculture and food production. | Mills |
| Sacred Christian rites believed to confer God's grace, such as baptism, Eucharist, and marriage, central to medieval religious practice. | Sacraments |
| Fortified residences of lords and nobles built for defense and control over land during the Middle Ages. | Castles |
| The medieval knightly code of conduct emphasizing bravery, honor, loyalty, and courteous behavior especially toward women. | Chivalry |
| A work produced by a craftsman submitted to a guild to demonstrate skill and qualify for membership as a master. | Masterpiece |
| Institutions of higher learning that arose in medieval Europe, focusing on theology, law, medicine, and liberal arts, often taught in Latin. | University |
| The language used by the church, scholars, and in official documents throughout medieval Europe. | Latin |
| Academic degrees in medieval universities representing successive levels of achievement and expertise, with doctorates as the highest. | Bachelor/Master/Doctor |
| A medieval method of learning combining Christian theology and classical philosophy using dialectic reasoning. | Scholasticism |
| An architectural style characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, sturdy pillars, and small windows, prevalent in medieval Europe before the Gothic style. | Romanesque |
| Churches built in the Gothic architectural style featuring pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows to create tall, light-filled interiors. | Gothic Cathedrals |
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