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Western Civ.
Chapters 4 & 5
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| King of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in history through brilliant military campaigns; he spread Greek culture widely, initiating the Hellenistic Age. | Alexander the Great |
| The spread and blending of Greek culture with Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Central Asian influences following Alexander’s conquests, shaping the culture of the Hellenistic kingdoms. | Hellenism |
| A major city founded by Alexander in Egypt, becoming a prominent cultural, intellectual, and economic center of the Hellenistic world, famous for its library and lighthouse. | Alexandria |
| A Greek mathematician of the Hellenistic period, often called the "father of geometry," known for his works compiling and systematizing geometric knowledge. | Euclid |
| A Hellenistic scientist and inventor known for fundamental contributions to physics, engineering, and mathematics, including principles of leverage and buoyancy. | Archimedes |
| Followers of Epicurus, a philosophy advocating that pleasure is the highest good, emphasizing simple living and avoidance of pain. | Epicureans |
| Followers of Stoicism, a philosophy teaching virtue, reason, and endurance of hardship without complaint, emphasizing living in accordance with nature and contributing to society. | Stoics |
| An Egyptian goddess whose worship spread widely during the Hellenistic period through mystery religions promising personal salvation and immortality. | Isis |
| A Jewish leader of the Maccabean revolt (2nd century BCE) against Seleucid control, who restored Jewish worship in Jerusalem and re-dedicated the Temple. | Judas Maccabaeus |
| The Jewish festival commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after the Maccabean revolt, marked by the miracle of the oil lasting eight days. | Hanukkah |
| Legendary twin brothers said to have founded Rome in 753 BCE. | Romulus & Remus |
| The two highest elected officials in the Roman Republic, serving one-year terms with executive and military powers. | Consuls |
| Officials responsible mainly for administering justice and could govern provinces or command armies. | Praetors |
| The main governing body of the Republic, composed mostly of patricians, holding significant power over finance, foreign affairs, and legislation. | Senate |
| The aristocratic ruling class | Patricians |
| The common citizens who gained political rights gradually through conflict and reforms. | Plebeians |
| A Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome focusing on moral lessons and legendary origins. | Livy |
| A powerful maritime empire centered on the city of Carthage and Rome’s main rival in the western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars. | Carthaginian Empire |
| Three wars (264–146 BCE) between Rome and Carthage; Rome eventually destroyed Carthage and gained dominance over the western Mediterranean. | Punic Wars |
| Famous Carthaginian general who invaded Italy during the Second Punic War by crossing the Alps with elephants. | Hannibal |
| An integral part of Roman economy and society; enslaved people worked in households, agriculture, mines, and gladiatorial combat. | Slavery |
| A gladiator who led a large slave revolt against Rome from 73-71 BCE before being defeated. | Spartacus |
| The earliest written codification of Roman law, established in the mid-5th century BCE, providing legal transparency and protection. | Twelve Tables |
| Renowned Roman orator, lawyer, and statesman who championed the Republic and republican virtues in the late Republic period. | Cicero |
| A large amphitheater in Rome built for public spectacles, gladiatorial contests, and entertainment. | Coliseum |
| Influential Roman general and dictator who expanded Roman territories, centralized power, and was assassinated in 44 BCE by senators fearing his rising authority. | Julius Caesar |
| Julius Caesar’s adopted son who became Rome’s first emperor after defeating Antony and Cleopatra, founding the Roman Empire and initiating the Pax Romana. | Octavian |
| A Roman general and member of the Second Triumvirate, allied and romantically involved with an Egyptian queen; their defeat by Octavian marked the end of the Roman Republic. | Antony & Cleopatra |
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