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Western Civ.
Chapters 2 & 3
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| Core elements in Hebrew religious tradition. | Covenant/Law/Prophets |
| A Semitic-speaking ancient people whose narratives and beliefs form the basis of Judaism. | Hebrews |
| Both the ancient kingdom founded by the Hebrews in Canaan and, more generally, the identity of the Hebrew people. | Israel |
| Early kings of Israel. | Saul, David, & Solomon |
| Capital city chosen by King David, important religious and political center for Hebrews, and the location of Solomon’s Temple. | Jerusalem |
| The religious center built by Solomon in Jerusalem as a place of worship for the Hebrew God and a symbol of national unity. | Temple |
| The southern kingdom after Israel split. | Judah |
| The descendants of Judah's inhabitants. | Jews |
| Monotheistic religion that developed from the Jews. | Judaism |
| Conquered the northern kingdom of Israel in 722 BC, dispersing its people and ending Israelite political independence. | Assyrians |
| Conquered Judah in 586 BC, destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple, and exiled Jews to Babylon. | Chaldeans |
| The belief in a single, omnipotent God, a concept originating with the Hebrews and central to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. | Monotheism |
| A powerful, militaristic state in Mesopotamia known for its effective government and brutal conquest, spanning the Near East. | Assyrians Empire |
| Capital city of the Assyrian Empire and an important center of administration and culture. | Ninevah |
| Technological advancement that gave the Assyrians and other empires a military advantage due to the durability and effectiveness of iron arms. | Iron Weapons |
| Artistic carvings on stone walls, especially in Assyrian palaces, depicting kings, battles, and mythological subjects. | Relief Sculptures |
| Also called the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which conquered Assyria and later destroyed Jerusalem under King Nebuchadnezzar II. | Chalden Empire |
| Ancient Mesopotamian city, capital of the Chaldean Empire, notable for its cultural, political, and economic prominence. | Babylon |
| A vast multi-ethnic state founded by Cyrus the Great, noted for its tolerance, skilled administration, and cultural achievements. | Persian Empire |
| The administrative capital of the Persian Empire. | Susa |
| The ceremonial and cultural center of the Persian Empire. | Persepolis |
| Founder and ruler of the Persian Empire famed for his conquest and relatively tolerant polices. | Cyrus |
| Founder and ruler of the Persian Empire famed for administrative reforms and empire expansion | Darius |
| Persian religion founded by Zoroaster, teaching dualism, judgment after death, and worship of the deity Ahura Mazda. | Zoroastrianism |
| An early advanced Bronze Age civilization on the island of Crete known for complex palaces, fresco painting, extensive trade, and innovative plumbing systems. | Minoan Civilization |
| Legendary Greek poet credited with composing the Iliad and Odyssey, epic poems foundational to Greek culture. | Homer |
| An epic poem by Homer centered on the Trojan War, emphasizing heroism, honor, and the wrath of Achilles. | lliad |
| Another Homeric epic following the hero Odysseus’ long journey home after the Trojan War. | Odyssey |
| A prominent Greek polis famed for its military discipline, oligarchic government, and social system with helot serfs. | Sparta |
| The leading Greek polis known for developing democracy, cultural achievements, philosophy, and arts. | Athens |
| A political system where citizens participate in decision-making, developed notably in Athens. | Democracy |
| A key battle in the Persian Wars where Athenian forces defeated the invading Persians (490 BCE). | Marathon |
| A prominent Athenian statesman during its Golden Age who promoted democracy, arts, and building projects like the Parthenon. | Pericles |
| Known as the “Father of History,” an ancient Greek historian who wrote about the Persian Wars. | Herodotus |
| A Greek historian who authored a critical, rigorous history of the Peloponnesian War. | Thucydides |
| The two main genres of ancient Greek drama addressing human suffering, ethics, and social satire. | Tragedy & Comedy |
| The aesthetic ideal of balance, harmony, and proportion seen in Greek art and architecture. | Classical Style |
| The temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to the goddess Athena, exemplifying Classical style. | Parthenon |
| A foundational Greek philosopher famous for the Socratic method, ethical inquiries, and challenging assumptions. | Socrates |
| Student and student respectively of Socrates founded the Academy and wrote philosophical dialogues. | Plato |
| Student and student respectively of Socrates, developed comprehensive systems in logic, ethics, politics, and science. | Aristotle |
| Major gods of the Greek pantheon. | Zeus, Apollo, Athena |
| Religious and athletic festivals held every four years at Olympia in honor of Zeus. | Olympic Games |
| A sacred site where the Pythia priestess delivered prophetic messages from the god Apollo. | Oracle at Delphi |
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