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Western Civ.
Chapter 1
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| The period before the invention of writing, when human history was not yet recorded, and evidence comes from archaeology and artifacts rather than written records. | Prehistory |
| A complex culture with cities, organized government, religion, social structure, writing, and art, marking the development of advanced societies in the ancient world. | Civilization |
| The people who developed the first urban civilization in Mesopotamia, credited with creating cuneiform writing, building city-states, and advancing mathematics and architecture. | Sumerians |
| The “land between the rivers,” specifically the Tigris and Euphrates, where some of the earliest civilizations arose, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. | Mesopotamia |
| An ancient civilization concentrated along the Nile River, known for its pharaohs, pyramids, hieroglyphic writing, and centralized monarchy. | Egypt |
| A crescent-shaped region in the Middle East with rich soils and early agriculture, stretching from the eastern Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf and including Mesopotamia and Egypt. | Fertile Crescent |
| One of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, issued by Babylonian King Hammurabi, consisting of laws and corresponding punishments to maintain justice and order. | Code of Hammurabi |
| The belief in and worship of many gods, a fundamental aspect of religious life in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and other ancient civilizations. | Polytheism |
| The wedge-shaped writing system developed by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, used for record keeping, literature, and legal documents. | Cuneiform |
| An epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, considered among the earliest known works of literary writing, describing the adventures and quests of the hero Gilgamesh. | Epic of Gilgamesh |
| The major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa that enabled Egyptian civilization by providing fertile land, transportation, and water resources. | Nile River |
| The title given to rulers of ancient Egypt, seen as both political and religious leaders and often regarded as gods in human form. | Pharaoh |
| Monumental structures built as tombs for Egyptian pharaohs, most famously at Giza, reflecting Egyptian beliefs in the afterlife. | Pyramids |
| The pictorial writing system of ancient Egypt, used for religious texts, records, and monuments. | Hieroglyphics |
| The process by which the ancient Egyptians preserved bodies for the afterlife, involving the removal of internal organs and wrapping of the remains in linen. | Mummification |
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