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Corinna Ma'aele
Anatomy Week 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is anatomy? | the study of the structures of the body |
| What is physiology? | the study of the of the functions of living organisms |
| What are the main body planes and what do they divide? | Sagittal (midsagittal/median): Divides right and left. Coronal (frontal): Divides front and back (anterior/posterior). Transverse (horizontal): Divides upper and lower (superior/inferior). |
| What does a coronal section pass through? | It can pass through the nose and occipital region, dividing the body into front and back portions. |
| A frontal plane is the same as a ________ plane. | Coronal |
| Define key directional terms: | Superior: Toward the head, Inferior: Toward the feet Anterior (ventral): Toward the front, Posterior (dorsal): Toward the back Medial: Toward the midline, Lateral: Away from the midline Proximal: Closer to trunk, Distal: Farther from trunk Superficial |
| Examples of directional terms: | Chest is superior to abdomen Knee is proximal to foot Brain is deep to skull Muscles are deep to skin |
| What are the two major body cavities and their divisions? | Dorsal cavity: Cranial (brain) + Spinal (spinal cord) Ventral cavity: Thoracic (heart, lungs) + Abdominopelvic (abdominal + pelvic) |
| What organs are found in major cavities? | Thoracic: Lungs, heart (in mediastinum) Abdominal: Stomach, liver, gallbladder, intestines Pelvic: Bladder, reproductive organs |
| What are the four quadrants and midpoint landmark? | RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ — midpoint = umbilicus |
| What are the nine abdominal regions? | Right/Left Hypochondriac, Lumbar, Iliac + Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric |
| Match regions with locations: Femoral: Popliteal: Gluteal: Inguinal: Lumbar: Sternal: | Thigh Behind knee Buttocks Where thigh joins trunk Lower back (infero-medial) Anterior to scapular |
| Define each level: Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism | Cell: Smallest living unit Tissue: Similar cells performing function Organ: Tissues working together System: Organs working together Organism: Whole body |
| Match system to main function Skeletal Reproductive: Respiratory: Circulatory: Digestive: Urinary: Integumentary: Muscular: Nervous: | Support, protection, blood cell production Produces gametes (not ureters) Gas exchange Transport Nutrient breakdown Waste removal Protection, temperature Movement Control, response |
| Name key organelles and their functions: | Mitochondria: Powerhouse (ATP) Golgi Apparatus: Packaging & transport Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein/lipid synthesis |
| What are the three subatomic particles and where are they located? | Protons (+) and neutrons (0) are in the nucleus; electrons (–) orbit around it. |
| What do atomic number and atomic mass represent? | Atomic number: number of protons (defines element) Atomic mass: protons + neutrons |
| What’s the difference between an isotope and an ion? | Isotope: Same element, different neutrons Ion: Gained/lost electrons → positive (cation) or negative (anion) |
| When is an atom chemically stable or inert? | When its outer shell is full (usually 8 electrons → octet rule). |
| What are the three main chemical bonds? | Ionic: Transfer electrons Covalent: Share electrons (strongest) Hydrogen: Weak attraction between polar molecules |
| What makes a molecule polar, and why is this important? | Unequal sharing of electrons → partial charges → allows hydrogen bonding and dissolving in water. |
| What are the four main chemical reactions in the body? | Synthesis (anabolic): Build Decomposition (catabolic): Break down Exchange: Swap parts Reversible: Go both ways |
| Define metabolism and its two major types. | Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body Anabolism: Builds (dehydration synthesis) Catabolism: Breaks down (hydrolysis) |
| Why is water vital for life? | Polar solvent (dissolves ions) Temperature regulation (high specific heat) Lubrication & cushioning Reacts in metabolism |
| What is the most abundant element and compound in the body? | Element: Oxygen (O) Compound: Water (H₂O) |
| Which four elements make up most of the body, and name a trace element. | C, H, O, N (96% of body); Trace = Fe, Zn, I |
| Define acids, bases, and salts. | Acid: Releases H⁺ (pH < 7) Base: Accepts H⁺ or releases OH⁻ (pH > 7) Salt: Forms from acid + base reaction |
| What does pH measure and what is normal blood pH? | Hydrogen ion concentration; blood pH ≈ 7.4 |
| What is a buffer and why is it important? | Chemical that resists pH change, maintaining homeostasis. |
| What are electrolytes and their role? | Ionized salts in solution; conduct electrical impulses and help regulate fluid balance. |
| DNA is mainly found in which organelle? | Nucleus |
| Organelle producing ATP? | Mitochondrion |
| Function of integral membrane proteins? | Receptors, signal transduction, self-ID |
| Tiny nuclear threads/granules? | Chromatin |
| Smooth ER does NOT do? | Make glycoproteins |
| Microtubule organizing center? | Centrosome |
| Cell projections that move mucus? | Cilia |
| Proteasome main role? | Degrade abnormal proteins tagged with ubiquitin |
| Barrier of plasma membrane made by? | Phospholipid bilayer |
| Organelle recycling amino acids? | Proteasomes |
| Organelle modifying proteins from rough ER? | Golgi apparatus |
| Cell “power plant”? | Mitochondrion |
| Smallest cytoskeleton fibers? | Microfilaments |
| Outer boundary of a cell? | Plasma membrane |
| Junction gluing epidermis to dermis? | Dermoepidermal junction |
| Conducting nerve unit? | Neuron |
| Lubricant made by goblet cells? | Mucus |
| Top epidermal layer? | Stratum corneum |
| Keratin-filled epidermal cells? | Keratinocytes |
| Connective membranes in joints? | Synovial membranes |
| Dermis thick layer name? | Reticular layer |
| Fetal fine hair coat? | Lanugo |
| Waxy ear secretion? | Cerumen |
| Tissue with poor blood supply, slow healing? | Cartilage |
| Strongest cartilage type? | Fibrocartilage |
| Basic skin color determinant? | Melanin |
| Skin layers? | Epidermis + dermis |
| Spongy bone look? | Open spaces with trabeculae |
| Longest, heaviest bone? | Femur |
| Compact bone units? | Osteons |
| Fibers in fibrocartilage? | Collagen |
| Joint between pubic bones? | Pubic symphysis |
| Shoulder girdle bones? | Clavicle & scapula |
| Skull movable joint? | Mandible with temporal bone |
| Bone shaft name? | Diaphysis |
| Bone covering membrane? | Periosteum |
| Skeleton divisions? | Axial & appendicular |
| Sesamoid bone example? | Patella |
| Floating ribs attach how? | Don’t attach to sternum |
Created by:
clmaaele