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[PRELIMS] BusRes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Science | Refers to a systematic and organized body of knowledge in any area of inquiry that is acquired using “the scientific method |
| Natural science | The science of naturally occurring objects or phenomena, such as light, objects, matter, earth, celestial bodies, or the human body. |
| Social science | The science of people or collections of people, such as groups, firms, societies, or economies, and their individual or collective behaviors. |
| Scientific knowledge | Refers to a generalized body of laws and theories to explain a phenomenon or behavior of interest that are acquired using the scientific method. |
| Laws | Observed patterns of phenomena or behaviors. |
| Theories | Systematic explanations of the underlying phenomenon or behavior. |
| Logic | (theory) and evidence (observations) are the two, and only two, pillars upon which scientific knowledge is based. |
| Inductive research | The goal of a researcher is to infer theoretical concepts and patterns from observed data by drawing conclusions from observed data. Theory building |
| Deductive research | The goal of the researcher is to test concepts and patterns known from theory using new empirical data by testing concepts and patterns stated in theories using new empirical data. Theory-testing. |
| Scientific method | Refers to a standardized set of techniques for building scientific knowledge, such as how to make valid observations, how to interpret results, and how to generalize those results. |
| Exploratory research | Is often conducted in new areas of inquiry, where the goals of the research are to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study regarding that phenomenon. |
| Descriptive research | Is directed at making careful observations and detailed documentation of a phenomenon of interest. |
| Explanatory research | Seeks explanations of observed phenomena, problems, or behaviors. |
| Rationalism | Views reason as the source of knowledge or justification, and suggests that the criterion of truth is not sensory but rather intellectual and deductive, often derived from a set of first principles or axioms |
| Empiricism | Emphasized knowledge acquisition as an empirical activity (rather than as a reasoning activity) |
| Positivism | Suggested that theory and observations have circular dependence on each other. While theories may be created via reasoning, they are only authentic if they can be verified through observations. |
| Antipositivism | Emphasized that social actions must be studied though interpretive means based upon an understanding the meaning and purpose that individuals attach to their personal actions |
| Postpositivism | Amends positivism by suggesting that it is impossible to verify the truth although it is possible to reject false beliefs, though it retains the positivist notion of an objective truth and its emphasis on the scientific method |
| Critical Research | Retains similar ideas of critiquing and resolving social inequality, change their social and economic circumstances, although their ability to do so is constrained by various forms of social, cultural and political domination. |
| Research Design | The overall plan for your research project. |
| Exploratory Study | Explores or clarifies understanding of an issue, problem or phenomenon by being an investigative research into a particular occurrence or behavior. |
| Descriptive Study | Is designed to gain an accurate profile of events, persons, or situations. |
| Explanatory Study | Establishes causal relationships between variables by looking for explanations to observed phenomena, problems, or behaviors with words "Why" and "How" |
| Evaluative Study | Finds out how well something works. |
| Psychology, Sociology, & Economics | Classifications of Social Science |
| Practical Sciences | Applies scientific knowledge from basic objects, forces, relationships, and laws to a physical environment. |
| To build scientific knowledge | Goal of Scientific Research |
| Theoretical level | This level: develops concepts about natural or social occurrences and the relationships between those concepts. |
| Empirical level | This level: Tests theoretical concepts and relationships to see how well they reflect observations. |
| Know-how | The systems of methods in an area of study is also known as |
| Theoretical skills | These are conceptual skills that require practice, experience, and reflection. |
| 1) Define a Research Question 2) Make Predictions 3) Gather data 4) Analyze the data 5) Draw conclusions | The scientific method (DMGAD) |
| Define a research question | A step in the scientific method: This is the step where one questions the research efforts will investigate |
| Make predictions | A step in the scientific method: Creation of hypotheses that may potentially answer the research question. |
| Gather data | A step in the scientific method: Collecting evidences to test the hypotheses |
| Analyze the data | A step in the scientific method: looking for patterns showing relationships between variables |
| Draw conclusions | A step in the scientific method: where researches can arrive to conclusions as to whether the data supports or fails to support the hypotheses |
| Logical, Confirmable, Repeatable, & Internally Consistent | 4 Characteristics of the Scientific Method (LCRI) |
| Logical | A Characteristic of the Scientific Method: When inferences must be based in logical principles of reason by removing bians of feelings and politics, etc. |
| Repeatable | A Characteristic of the Scientific Method: When other researchers should be able to reproduce or repeat a set of findings, and arrive at similar or identical results |
| Confirmable | A Characteristic of the Scientific Method: When inferences must match with the observable evidence. |
| Internally Consistent | A Characteristic of the Scientific Method: Procedures and inferences must withstand critical review by other researchers |
| Multi-method quantitative/qualitative design | Where more than one quantitative/qualitative data collection procedure and corresponding analysis technique is used |
| Mono quantitative/qualitative design | Where one quantitative/qualitative data collection technique. |
| Concurrent Triangulation Design | Occurs when data is being collected at the same time and is being used to compare the data that is supporting on another. |
| Sequential mixed methods research | involves more than one phase of data collection and analysis. |
| Sequential exploratory research design | qualitative followed by quantitative. |
| Sequential explanatory research design | quantitative followed by qualitative. |
| Research Strategy | The methodological link between your philosophy and subsequent choice of methods to collect and analyze data. |
| Experiment | Studies the probability of a change in an independent variable causing a change in another, dependent variable. |
| Hypothesis | the explanation that there is a relationship or difference between the variables. |
| Quasi Experiment | still uses an experimental group(s) and a control group, but the researcher does not assign participants randomly to each group |
| Matched Pair Analysis | leads to a participant in an experimental group being paired with a participant in the control group |
| Between-Subjects Design | where participants belong to either the experimental group or control group but not both |
| Independent Measures | In a between-subjects design, if more than one intervention or manipulation is to be tested, a separate experimental group will be required for each test. |
| Within-Subjects Design (or Within-Group Design) | there is only a single group, and every participant is exposed to the planned intervention or series of interventions. |
| Internal Validity | the extent to which the findings can be attributed to the interventions rather than any flaws in your research design |
| External Validity | the extent to which the findings from the study can be generalized to all relevant contexts. |
| Ethnography | a strategy that focuses on describing and interpreting the social or cultural world of a group through first-hand study. |
| Realist Ethnography | Ethnography: They believe in objectivity, factual reporting and identifying 'true' meanings. |
| Interpretive Ethnography | Ethnography: They believe in the likelihood of multiple meanings rather than being able to identify a single, true meaning. |
| Critical Ethnography | Ethnography: They believe in adopting an advocacy role in their work to try to bring about change. |
| Grounded Theory | a strategy, a method, the theory developed through the strategy, and a research process |
| Theoretical Saturation | When further data does not reveal any new properties that are relevant to a category, |
| Narrative Inquiry | Means collecting the experiences of participants as whole accounts |
| Archival Research | Uses manuscripts, documents, administrative records, objects, sound and audio-visual materials held in archives, special collections and other repositories as the main sources of data. |
| Documentary Research | Uses personal and official documents as the sources of data. |
| Case Study | An in-depth inquiry into a topic or phenomenon within its real-life setting. |
| Orthodox Case Study | rigorously defined and highly structured before the research commences |
| Emergent Case Study | you strategically choosing a case study environment within which research will be conducted |
| Action Research | An emergent and iterative process of inquiry that is designed to develop solutions to real organizational problems through a participative and collaborative approach |
| Cross-Sectional | involving the study of a particular phenomenon (or phenomena) at a particular time |
| involving the study of a particular phenomenon (or phenomena) at a particular time | research is its capacity to study change and development. |
Created by:
RamRamRam