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UNIT TEST 1 REVIEW
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mary Leakey | Archaeologist that discovered footprints of early hominids (Australopithecus) in Tanzania, suggesting that man walked upright earlier than believed. |
| Old Stone Age | Early humans led a nomadic lifestyle; time period also known as the Paleolithic Era (2.5 million - 8,000BC) Stone, bone, and wood tools for hunting and gathering. Created art such as necklaces, beads, carved sculptures of animals, and cave paintings. |
| Neolithic Revolution | a shift from food gatherer to food producer; Caused by warming climate, rich supply of grain, and food demands on growing population; leads to settled communities, slash-and-burn farming method, and the domestication of animals. |
| Subsistence Farming | growing just enough food to meet a household's basic needs. |
| Civilization | a Civilization consents of 5 components: advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. |
| Artisans | Skilled workers that make goods by hand. |
| Mesopotamia | Land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; modern-day Iraq; the flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers was unpredictable presenting a challenge to early civilizations. |
| Sumerians | One of the world's earliest civilizations; Mesopotamia; early irrigation systems; invented the wheel, sail, and the plow. |
| Scribes | professional record keepers. |
| Cuneiform | System of writing on clay tablets (3000 BC); Sumer & Babylon |
| Barter Economy - | Trading goods without money. |
| Bronze Age | Begins approximately 3000 BC; metal workers melt copper and tin together; bronze used for armor and arrowheads (2500 BC). |
| Prehistoric - | Before invention of writing |
| Slash-and-Burn Farming | Clearing land for farming; ash fertilizes soil |
| Cultural Diffusion | Process by which ideas, beliefs, and products of one people are are shared with and accepted by other people |
| Natural Barriers | Geographic features that keep a civilization protected or isolated; deserts, mountain ranges, large bodies of water |
| Tigris & Euphrates Rivers | - Unpredictable flooding causes challenges for early civilizations in Mesopotamia |
| Mesopotamia | Land between Tigris and Euphrates |
| Empire | one ruler over several peoples and areas |
| Sargon of Akkad | Established the first empire in Southwest Asia; Akkadian Empire |
| Hammurabi's Code | Well-preserved written code of laws by Hammurabi under the Babylonian Empire; government has a responsibility to its citizens |
| Nile River | Predictable flooding allows Egyptian civilization to thrive; flows south (high elevation) to north (low elevation) toward the Mediterranean Sea |
| Nile River Delta | Where the Nile River meets the Mediterranean Sea |
| Menes (Narmer) | Unified Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom |
| Polytheism | Belief in many gods |
| Old Kingdom | Period after the unification of Egypt; Pharaohs build pyramids |
| Pharaoh | Divine ruler; Believed by the Egyptians to be a god |
| Pyramids | Tombs for Old Kingdom Pharaohs; shows mathematical and engineering skills, a powerful economy, and access to large amounts of stone. |
| Mummification | Preservation process takes about 70 days; demonstrates a belief in the afterlife; continued existence |
| Theocracy | Civilization governed by religious beliefs; divine ruler |
| Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing system; often done on papyrus; pictures representing ideas and eventually sounds |
| Indus & Ganges Rivers | Location of early river valley civilizations in modern day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |
| Mohenjo-Daro - | Little is known about this Indus valley civilization; can't decipher written language; evidence of urban planning and plumbing |
| Gobi Desert - | natural barrier in china |
| Himalaya Mountains - | Natural barrier between India and China |
| Huang He (Yellow) & Yangtze Rivers | Chinese river valley civilizations arose here |
| Shang Dynasty | One of the first Chinese dynasties; family of rulers |
| Zhou Dynasty | Overthrows the Shang Dynasty after gaining the Mandate of Heaven |
| Chinese System of Writing | Thousands of Chinese characters; People can read the language but don't have to speak it. |
| Oracle Bones | Chinese priests write questions into these bones, touch them with a red hot poker, and would interpret the cracks |
| Mandate of Heaven | Leader of new dynasty receives divine approval to rule China |
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sofiabruning