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10/11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| King(monarchy) | A male ruler who leads a country, usually by birthright |
| Battle of Hastings | A 1066 battle where William of Normandy defeated England’s King Harold to become king. |
| Henry II | English king who strengthened royal power and the legal system. |
| Thomas Becket | Archbishop of Canterbury killed for opposing King Henry II’s control over the church. |
| Magna Carta | A 1215 document that limited the king’s power and gave people basic rights. |
| Parliament | England’s law-making group that advises the king and represents the people. |
| Estates General | France’s assembly with representatives from the church, nobles, and commoners. |
| Holy Roman Empire | A group of Central European states ruled by an emperor from the Middle Ages to the 1800s. |
| Chinggis Khan | Mongol leader who united tribes and built a huge Asian empire. |
| Lay investiture | When kings or nobles chose church officials instead of the pope. |
| Pope innocent III | Powerful pope who expanded the Church’s influence and authority in Europe. |
| Cardinal | A high-ranking church leader who helps the pope and elects new popes. |
| Hildegard of Bingen | A German nun, writer, and composer known for her visions and music. |
| Francis of Assisi | An Italian saint who founded the Franciscans and taught kindness and poverty. |
| Dominic | A Spanish priest who founded the Dominican Order to teach and defend the faith. |
| Saints | People recognized by the Church for their holy and virtuous lives. |
| Virgin Mary | Mother of Jesus, honored in Christianity for her purity and faith. |
| Relics | Objects or remains of saints considered holy and worthy of veneration. |
| Cathars/Albigensians | A medieval religious group in southern France seen as heretics by the Church. |
| Anti-semitism | Prejudice or hatred against Jewish people. |
| Crusades | Religious wars in the Middle Ages between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land. |
| Black Death | A deadly plague in the 1300s that killed millions in Europe. |
| Hundred years war | A long conflict (1337–1453) between England and France over the French throne. |
| Joan of Arc | French heroine who led troops against England and was later canonized as a saint. |
| House of Commons | The lower house of England’s Parliament, representing common people. |
| House of Lords | The upper house of England’s Parliament, made up of nobles and church leaders. |
| Golden Bull | A 1356 decree that set rules for electing the Holy Roman Emperor. |
| Republic of Venice | A wealthy, independent city-state in Italy ruled by elected officials, not a king. |
| Avignon | French city where popes lived during the 1300s instead of Rome. |
| Great Schism | A split in the Catholic Church (1378–1417) with two rival popes. |
| Catherine of Siena | Italian saint who influenced the pope and promoted church reform. |
| Dante Alighieri | Italian poet famous for writing The Divine Comedy. |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | English writer known for The Canterbury Tales. |
| Clock | A device used to measure and show time. |
| Cannon | A large weapon that fires heavy projectiles, used in war. |
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