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Hon.U.S.HistoryUnit2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| location of the first industrial revolution | Great Britain |
| causes of the first industrial revolution | steam powered engines and coal |
| what was the time period of the second industrial revolution | 1870-1914 |
| what were some natural resources that america had | coal, timber, iron, copper, and petroleum (made into kerosene used for lighting lamps and stoves) |
| gross national product | total value of goods and services produced in one year |
| what are the seven fundamentals of a free market system? | PLVPCCS (private property, limited govt involvment, voluntary exchange, profit, competition, consumer soveirnty, specialization |
| voluntary exchange | when a buyer and seller agree to do business together, they each agree that the benefits outweigh the costs |
| profit | businesses are able to maximize their profit |
| consumer sovereignty | people can decide what they buy |
| specialization | buyers and sellers are able to concentrate their efforts into an area where they have an advantage and removes needs for a household to be self-sufficient |
| laissez-faire | an idea that the government should be very hands-off on the economy |
| what are some advantages to a free market system | freedom in economy, freedom to develop interests and talents, political processes a lot freer, can respond quicker to change, efficient, competition leads to lower prices/diverse market |
| what are some advantage to a free market system | the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 |
| who were the two companies that helped build the transcontinental railroad | the Union Pacific Railroad Company and Central Pacific Railroad Company |
| type of workers used by Union Pacific railroad | Irish, farmers, ex-convicts, civil war veterans, adventuers |
| type of workers used by Central Pacific Railroad | CHINESE |
| What were the five effects that the railroad had on America | easier to transport goods, decrease in production costs, national market (things could be transported anywhere in america), new ways of management, innovation in industries |
| Why were time zones created | to help trains be more precise and make transportation easier and safer |
| what are the names of the time zones in the continental U.S.A | Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific |
| Robber Barron | a wealthy person that is often the owner of a company that does not give their workers very much money and is greedy (uses all the money on themselves) |
| Capital of Industry | A person who is rich but gives their money back to the community (like Carnegie) |
| What was Andrew Carnegie's country of origin? | Scotland |
| What was Carnegie's major industry? | steel |
| Was Carnegie a capital of industry or robber barron and why? | he was a capital of industry because he used his money to make public services for those that were less fortunate |
| What was the philosophy of the Gospel of Wealth? | a person who is wealthy is a shame if they die wealthy, they have an obligation to use their money for the good of those less fortunate |
| What are the three ways that the ultra-wealthy can dispose of their wealth according to the Gospel of Wealth? | 1.) leave it to descendants 2.) give it to the public to use for public purposes AT DEATH 3.) use it for public purposes DURING THEIR LIFETIME |
| Why did Carnagie think that it was good to administer wealth for the public good during your lifetime instead of at death? | because even though you worked for that money, you should help those less fortunate get education and have nice public things because that will help them get up in society just like he did |
| what activities would Carnegie support? | activities that would give education and resources to the poor such as public libraries, public rec centers, parks, museums and healthcare |
| What activities would Carnegie not support? | he would not support handouts or charity to the poor, like just giving them money, because they aren't actually going to learn anything or be able to help themselves |
| vertical integration (what it is and who used it) | a combination in a company of multiple stages of the process into one company, people who used it include Carnegie |
| horizontal integration (what it is and who uses it) | where a company merges with another company to decrease market competition, John D. Rockefeller used it |
| Which is illegal- horizontal or vertical integration? | horizontal integration because people can get too much power and decrease competition too much |
| monopoly | a market structure where a single seller controls the entire process and supply of a particular good or service, reducing competition and often times increasing profit |
| Who was Rockefeller (what was his market, and was he a robber Barron or capital of Industry) | his main market was oil, and he was a robber Barron because he did stuff like use monopolys and was ruthless |
| what were some hardships that children in factories faced? | physical injuries, dangerous work environments in general, toxic exposure, health issues, no education, poverty, exploitation and long work hours |
| What was the affect of child labor on children? | children would have trauma and not be able to get to a better place in life because they had no education, and continue the cycle of poverty, also have both physical and mental problems |
| Similarity between workers and machines | workers were not treated like people and had to work day in and day out with no breaks and little pay, often making them feel like machines |
| what is the purpose of a labor union? | for workers to unite and be able to rally for better wages, benefits, and working conditions |
| What were some problems faced by workers in the Gilded Age? | low pay, no benefits, no days off, dangerous work environments, long hours |
| Why were labor unions created? | to protect workers' rights and interests and giving them a collective voice and power |
| What higher power does this reference to justify the workers' rights and why? | the divine injunction, based off of a biblical passage: "in the sweat of they brow shalt thou eat bread" it means that those that work hard should get the benefits of that hard work |
| arbitration | where a neutral third party comes in and helps settle a dispute |
| collective bargaining | it is basically where people from the labor union make agreements with the company to get better wages, safer working conditons, etc |
| strike | when employees get together and all stop working in protest of their working conditions or pay |
| What was the general employer reaction to the creation of labor unions? | they were generally mad about it and thought that it was a threat to their buisness and profit |
| Who was the founder of the Knights of Labor, what type of labor did they organize, what were their major concerns, and what were the tactics they used to acheive their goals? | Terence Powderly, skilled and unskilled workers white and black men and women, wanted 8 hour work day equal pay for men and women no child labor and worker owned factories, they used arbitration and boycotts |
| Who was the founder of the American Federation of Labor, what type of labor did they organize, what were their major concerns, and what were the tactics they used to acheive their goals? | Samuel Gompers, skilled workers (mostly men), three goals were to get companies to recognize unions and do collective bargaining, only union members could work @ shops, 8 hr workday, and preferred negotiations, strikes when needed |
| Who was the founder of the Industrial Workers of the World, what type of labor did they organize, what were their major concerns, and what were the tactics they used to acheive their goals? | radicals/socialists (nicknamed "the wobblies") mostly unskilled workers, wanted higher pay and shorter hours, did strikes |
| What percent of the population controlled what percent of the money? | 9% of the population controlled 75% of the money and the remaining 91% shared only 25% of the money |
| founders of the theory of Communism | Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels |
| immediate aim of the Communist party | formation of the proletariat (working class) into a political class, overthrow of the bourgeoisie (the government) and the proletariats getting political power |
| general steps of a Communist Revolution | there is a gap between the rich and the poor, then it turns into the rich controlling the majority of the population and making them wage workers, then the capital system is overthrown and the working class comes to political power, then Communism |
| what do they believe will happen to political power in a Communist society? | they think that it will slowly dwindle and that all the classes will be equal |
| What are the 10 main characteristics of Communism? | no private property,income tax,no inheritance,don't oppose authority,your money is controlled by the govt,no private communication or transport,state controls production and land,everyone works,public education,equal distributed population |
| major immigrant population pre-1900 | mostly western and northern Europeans, Germans went to the Midwest and Irish and others stayed by Ellis Island |
| major immigrant population post-1900 | Southern and Eastern Europeans |
| top 3 immigrant populations 1880-1930 | Italy, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Russian Empire |
| push factor | something that makes someone want to leave a country |
| pull factor | something that makes someone want to come to a country |
| examples of push factors | famine, political corruption, religious persecution, poverty, dangerous conditions |
| examples of pull factors | economic opportunities, strong ethnic communities, democracy, freedom, land |
| strongest pull factor to the usa today | economic opportunities |
| nativism | native-born white Americans that wanted all of the immigrants to go away |
| why did nativism happen | Catholics were perceived as a threat to the mainly protestant United States and they also thought that the immigrants would make the country corrupt or be dangerous |
| Who is the author of the New Colossus? | Emma Lazarus |
| What is the New Colossus about? | it is talking about Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty, and how America is going to welcome all of the immigrants into the United States |
| What alternative name is there to Lady Liberty? | Mother of Exiles |
| What does Lady Liberty represent? | a door to a new opportunity, she gives exiles a new life and welcomes all races, creeds, and genders |
| Who is the author of Banning Chinese Immigration? | the United States House of Representatives |
| What law are they renewing in Banning Chinese Immigration? | The Chinese Restriction Act of 1882 |
| Why was the House of Reps mad at the Chinese and East Asians | they were taking all of the jobs and they were afraid that they would shift the culture of the US |
| urbanization | where people go to urban areas and cities grow, population grows, industrialization occurs |
| major causes of urbanization in America | immigration boom, economic opportunities, new inventions like steel that could build skyscrapers and the railroads |
| causes of the Great Migration | blacks in the South realized that they had more opportunities in the North in cities |
| inventor and significance of the elevator | Elisha Graves Otis, it helped skyscrapers to be able to go higher because people weren't having to walk up dozens of flights of stairs to get to their job every day and it also made traveling between floors safer and more practical |
| what was the first skyscraper in the world | Home Insurance Building (in Chicago) |
| tenements | cramped, poorly built apartments that multiple families would cram into |
| problems associated with tenement living | sanitary issues/disease, safety and structural issues, poverty, crime, overcrowding |
| Jacob Riis and what did he do | Jacob Riis was a journalist and photographer who went to the slums where immigrants were living in tenements and he was able to take pictures in the dark by using an explosive chemical that would create light, he showed people how they were living |
| events of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire | deadly disaster in NYC in a garment factor that killed a lot of young girls because the area was not up to fire code and there was nowhere for them to escape the fire |
| working conditions the NY garment workers attempted to fix during their strike | they were trying to get safer working conditions, shorter hours and better pay |
| major fire hazards associated with the Shirtwaist factory | stairwell exits locked, no sprinklers, things were also really crowded and poorly ventalated |
| long lasting impact of the fire | it made fire codes a thing, such as that we always have to have an emergency exit and a fire escape plan, and there are limits of how many people can be in a room at one time |
| leader of KKK, where was it created, original purpose, activities they did in the south | it was created by post Confederate Veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee, and it was originally meant to be a Sorority Club, and then it turned into a terrorist organization that targeted blacks and lynched and burned people and communitites |
| 13th Ammendment | abolished slavery in the union |
| 14th Ammendment | made everyone in the US a citizen |
| 15th Ammendment | allowed black men the ability to vote |
| poll taxes | fee required for voting, was targeted toward blacks and poor people to keep them from voting |
| literacy tests | they originated in the deep south as a way to keep out blacks and keep them from voting |
| grandfather clause | you had to have a grandfather or father that was able to vote in 1867, was another measure to keep blacks from voting |
| segregation north vs south | south had de jure by law segregation, and the north had de facto, meaning that it was common practice to have segregation, but not a law |
| Ida B. Wells | she was a anti-lynching activist and women's suffrage activist, was a school teacher and created black kindergartens and public housing for blacks too |
| Booker T. Washington | American educator and author that advocated for black education, created the Booker T. Washington school for black teachers so they could go and teach black children |
| leader and purpose of Niagra Movement | demanding full citizen rights for African Americans, founded by W.E.B Du Bois |
| Birth of a Nation | this was a movie, white people would play black people as intimidating and being violent to white people (it was actually the opposite) |
| lynching, what 3 states have the highest rates | the unlawful killing of someone, Mississippi, Georgia and Texas |
| Jim Crow | orignally was a racial slur, then turned into laws that were against African Americans and segregated them and took away their rights |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | there was a guy Homer Plessy that was 1/8 black that decided to sit in the white only train car and got kicked out, and then they went to court because they thought that it was a violation of black rights, |
Created by:
I'mtheAlpha