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APUSH Period 2 TERMS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Spanish Armada | Spain’s naval fleet defeated by England in 1588, opening the Atlantic to expanded English colonization. |
| The London Company/joint stock company | Investor-owned colonial ventures; the Virginia (London) Company funded Jamestown in pursuit of profit. |
| Jamestown | Founded 1607 in Virginia as the first permanent English settlement, initially plagued by disease, starvation, and conflict. |
| Starving Time | Winter of 1609–1610 in Jamestown marked by extreme famine and mortality. |
| Tobacco | Cash crop popularized by John Rolfe; drove Chesapeake economy, land expansion, and labor demands. |
| Headright System (Virginia and Maryland) | Land grant policy awarding acreage (often 50 acres) to settlers or sponsors of indentured servants to attract labor. |
| Indentured Servants | Laborers bound by contracts (typically 4–7 years) for passage to America, central to early Chesapeake labor supply. |
| House of Burgesses | Established 1619 in Virginia; first representative assembly in English North America. |
| Slave arrival | 1619 introduction of enslaved Africans to Virginia, marking a shift toward racialized hereditary slavery. |
| Powhatan | Powerful Algonquian chiefdom near Jamestown; diplomacy and conflict shaped early English survival. |
| Bacon's Rebellion (causes, results, significance) | 1676 frontier revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon over grievances including Native policy and elite control; hastened a transition from indentured servitude to African chattel slavery. |
| William Bradford | Plymouth Colony leader and longtime governor; chronicler of Puritan settlement. |
| Mayflower Compact | 1620 agreement for self-government among Plymouth settlers, asserting majority rule. |
| Squanto | Patuxet mediator who assisted Pilgrims with agriculture and relations after 1620. |
| "City Upon a Hill" | John Winthrop’s 1630 ideal for Massachusetts Bay as a godly model community. |
| theocracy | Government where religious leaders or principles wield civil authority; associated with Puritan Massachusetts. |
| Roger Williams | Founder of Rhode Island advocating religious liberty, separation of church and state, and fair dealings with Natives. |
| Anne Hutchinson | Puritan dissenter expelled from Massachusetts for antinomian beliefs and challenges to clerical authority. |
| Pequot War | 1636–1637 conflict in New England leading to destruction of Pequot power by English and allies. |
| King Philip's War | 1675–1676 devastating conflict between New England colonists and Native coalitions led by Metacom (King Philip). |
| English Civil War (including monarchs involved) | 1640s conflict between Parliamentarians and Royalists involving Charles I and, later, Charles II’s Restoration; influenced colonial autonomy. |
| proprietary colony | Colony granted to individuals or families with governing rights under the Crown (e.g., Maryland, Pennsylvania). |
| royal colony | Colony under direct control of the Crown with a royal governor. |
| Society of Friends | Quakers; pacifist dissenters promoting inner light and equality, influential in Pennsylvania. |
| sugar cane | Caribbean cash crop driving plantation economies and demand for enslaved labor. |
| slave revolts | Acts of resistance by enslaved people against bondage, from conspiracies to uprisings, shaping colonial laws. |
| Middle Passage | The transatlantic voyage transporting enslaved Africans under horrific conditions to the Americas. |
| slave codes | Colonial laws defining slavery as racial, hereditary, and restrictive of movement and rights. |
| Navigation Acts (years and provisions) | Mid-17th-century English laws regulating colonial trade to English ships, ports, and markets to enforce mercantilism. |
| Dominion of New England | 1686–1689 consolidation of northern colonies under royal governor Edmund Andros to tighten control; collapsed after the Glorious Revolution. |
| Triangular Trade | Transatlantic exchange linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas in goods, enslaved people, and raw materials. |
| witch hunt | Pursuit and prosecution of alleged witches, most famously in the Salem trials (1692), reflecting social and religious tensions. |
| Enlightenment | 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, natural rights, and science, shaping colonial elites. |
| Great Awakening | 1730s–1740s evangelical revivals stressing personal conversion and challenging established churches. |
| John Peter Zenger | New York printer tried in 1735; his acquittal advanced ideas of press freedom and criticism of government. |
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