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Exam II
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| George III | King of Britian during the American Revolution, his refusal to compromise helped pushed the colonies towards independence. |
| George Washington | 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799) |
| George Greenville | British Prime Minister who imposed taxes like the Stamp Act and Sugar Act on the colonies to raise revenue. |
| The Treaty of Paris (1783) | Agreement that ended the American Revolutionary War, Britian recognized U.S. independence and set boundaries of the new nation from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. |
| Republicanism | The idea that government should be based on the consent of the governed and the protection of Liberty. |
| Articles of Confederation | The first U.S. Constitution, creating a weak national government with limited powers. It couldn't tax or enforce laws, which led to its replacement by the U.S. Constitution. |
| Shay's Rebellion | A farmers' revolt in Massachusetts protesting high taxes and debt; showed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. |
| Benjamin Franklin | Founding Father, Inventor, and diplomat. He helped craft the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution he also negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783). |
| Albany Congress | A meeting of representatives from seven American colonies in Albany, New York, to discuss colonial unity and defense during the French and Indian War. Benjamin Franklin proposed the "Albany plan of union". |
| The Stamp Act Congress | Meeting of colonies to oppose the Stamp Act; promoted "no taxation without representation" |
| Sons of Liberty | A secret group formed to protest British Taxes and Organize resistance, including the Boston Tea Party. Led by Samuel Adams. |
| The Great Compromise | agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation (two-house congress) which is the senate = equal representation and House of Representatives = based on population |
| The Three-Fifths Compromise | Agreement counting slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation. |
| Townshend Acts | A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paper, paint and tea. The money was used to pay colonial officials, making them less dependent on colonial legislatures. |
| Quartering Act of (1765) | Required colonists to provide housing and supplies to British troops stationed in America. |
| General Gage | British general and governor of Massachusetts who tried to suppress rebellion at Lexington and Concord. |
| Thomas Jefferson | Author of the Declaration of Independence, founder of Democratic-Republican party, and 3rd President of the United States. emphasized limited government, individual liberty, and expansion westward. Tariffs - Taxes on imported goods; used to raise revenue |
| Jay's Treaty | An Agreement with Britian to settle trade disputes and withdrawal of British troops from forts; unpopular but helped avoid war |
| Hamiltonian Federalists | Supporters of Hamilton's economic vision and strong centralized government. |
| Tea Act | Gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies, leading to the Boston Tea Party. |
| Coercive Acts | Also known as the Intolerable acts, these British laws punished Boston after the Tea Party by closing the harbor and limiting self-government. |
| Continental Congress (First/Second) | Meetings of colonial delegates; the first (1774) organized resistance to Britian, the second (1775) managed the war and declared independence. |
| The Louisiana Purchase | U.S. bought the Louisiana territory from France, doubling the size of the nation and giving control of the Mississippi River - Arranged under Thomas Jefferson despite going beyond his beliefs. |
| Loyalists | Colonists who supported the British government during the American Revolution. |
| James Madison | Known as the father of the constitution, he helped write the constitution and the Bill of rights and co-wrote the Federalist papers. He was the 4th president, leading during the war of 1812. |
| Common Sense | Pamphlet by Thomas Paine that urged American Independence from Britian using plain and persuasive language. |
| The Whiskey Rebellion | Western Pennsylvanian farmers' violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent |
| The 12th Amendment | Adopted in 1804 - was made to prevent confusion in the election of 1800. Changed how presidents were elected, instead of the runner up becoming vice president, electors would now cast separate votes for each. |
| Sacajawea | Shoshone woman who helped guide Lewis and Clark on their expedition - married to French fur trader |
| Aaron Burr | Vice president for Thomas Jefferson - most famous for killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel (1804). Later was acquitted for treason and accused of planning to create his own territory. |
| Saratoga | The American Victory convinced France to Join the war as an Ally to the colonies against Britian. |
| Valley Forge | Harsh winter camp of George Washingtons army during the Revolution, despite challenges troops trained and later came out stronger. |
| The Southern Strategy | During the American Revolution, British planned to gain control by focusing on Southern states, hoping to gain support from Loyalists - Failed due to patriot resistance. |
| Admiralty Courts | British Courts used to try colonists accused of smuggling or breaking trade laws. |
| The Navigation Acts | British Laws that said colonies could only trade with Britian or use British ships. The acts helped Britian make money while limiting the colonies' freedom to trade with others. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | Law that created the U.S. court system, including the Supreme Court and lower federal courts - helped to organize how the government's judicial branches worked. |
| Virtual Representation | British Idea the Parliament represented all British people, even the colonists who didn't vote for them. Colonists grew angry and stated it was unfair - leading to the phrase "no taxation without representation" |
| The Constitution of 1787 | Main plan for the U.S. government written in 1879 - replaced the Articles of Confederation and created three branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. |
| Philadelphia Convention | Also known as the Constitutional Convention - meeting held in 1787 where delegates from the states came together in Philadelphia to write the U.S. Constitution. |
| The Virginia Plan | Plan at the Constitutional Convention that said representation in Congress should depend on state population - favored bigger states |
| The New Jersey Plan | Plan that said all states should have equal votes in Congress, no matter the size of state - favored smaller states |
| John Adams | One of the Founding fathers, 1st vice president, 2nd U.S. president. Helped lead the fight for independence and supported a strong national government. |
| Anti-Federalists | People who didn't want the new constitution - they feared the constitution gave too much power to the federal government. Fought for bill of rights to protect personal freedoms. |
| Federalists | Supported the new U.S. Constitution in 1787 - believed in strong National (federal) government to keep the country united and stable. Thought power should be shared between states and the national gov., but the national gov. should be stronger. |
| The Bill of Rights | First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution added in 1791 - created to protect individual freedoms and limit government power. Guarantees rights such as freedom of speech, religion, the right to bear arms, and protection against unfair trials /searches. |
| Hamilton's financial plan | Alexander Hamilton's plan to build the U.S. economy after the revolution - included paying off national debts, creating a national bank, and placing taxes (whiskey) to strengthen the federal gov. |
| Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania | Series of essays by John Dickinson protesting British taxes and laws, stated that parliament had no right to tax the colonies without their consent. |
| Order in council | British laws the restricted American trade during the Napoleonic wars. Said U.S. ships couldn't trade with France unless they stopped in Britian first - one of the causes on the War of 1812. |
| Samuel Adams | Leader of the American Revolution who helped organize protests like the Boston Tea Party - led the Sons of Liberty and helped create the Committees of Correspondence to help spread revolutionary ideas. |
| Jeffersonian Republicans | Also known as Democratic-Republicans - led by Thomas Jefferson. They believed in smaller federal gov., strong state rights, and an economy based on farming. |
| XYZ affair | Scandal in 1797 when French officials demanded bribes from American Diplomats before peace talks. |
| Revolution of 1800 | Peaceful change of power when Thomas Jefferson (Republican) defeated John Adams (Federalist) |
| Lewis & Clark | Explores sent by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase. |
| Minutemen | Colonial Militia members who were ready to fight at a minute's notice during the Revolution - played a major role in battles like Lexington and Concord. |
| The Stamp Act | 1765 British Law that taxes printed materials like newspapers and legal documents - angered colonists. |
| The Elastic clause | Part of the Constitution that allows Congress to make all laws "necessary and proper" for running the country. Helped give the government the flexibility to deal with new issues. |
| John Marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835) his rulings like Marbury v. Madison helped strengthen the power of the federal government and Judicial branch. |
| Essex Junto | Group of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 and Jefferson's policies. |
| Berlin Decree | Law issued by Napolean in 1806 that blocked British ships from European ports. |
| Milan Decree | Law issued by Napolean in 1807 as a follow up to the berlin decree - said any ship that obeyed British trade rules could be seized by France - made trade harder for Americans'. |
| Chesapeake-Leopard Affair | Incident in 1807 when a British warship attacked an American ship and forced sailors into the British Navy. |
| Embargo Act (1807) | Law passed by Jefferson that stopped U.S. trade with all other countries to avoid war between Britian and France - hurt merchants badly and was very unpopular. |
| Non-Intercourse Act | Replacement of the Embargo Act - reopened trade with all nations except Britian and France - to pressure them to respect American ships, which didn't work very effectively. |
| Alien and Sedition act | Laws passed by Federalists that made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and punished people who criticized the government - Jeffersonians said these laws violated free speech. |
| Tariffs | Taxes placed on imported goods |
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