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Musculoskeletal
Appendicular and Axial muscles
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Origin | The fixed attachment of a muscle; where it begins. |
| Insertion | The movable attachment where the muscle ends; moves toward origin during contraction. |
| Flexion | Decreasing the angle between two bones |
| Extension | Increasing the angle between two bones |
| Abduction | Moving a limb away from the midline |
| Adduction | Moving a limb toward the midline |
| Muscle Tone (Tonicity) | Constant, low-level contraction that helps maintain posture. |
| Prime Mover (Agonist) | The main muscle responsible for a specific movement. |
| Synergist | Assists the prime mover by adding force or stabilizing joints. |
| Antagonist | Opposes the action of the prime mover |
| Rotator Cuff (SITS) | Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis—stabilize the shoulder |
| Diaphragm | Dome-shaped muscle for breathing; flattens to allow lung expansion. |
| Erector Spinae | Long back muscles that extend and stabilize the spine |
| Quadriceps Femoris | Group of 4 thigh muscles (including rectus femoris); extends the leg. |
| Hamstrings | 3 muscles in the back of thigh; extend hip and flex the knee. |
| Deltoid | Shoulder muscle with 3 parts; flexes, abducts, and extends the arm. |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Neck muscle; both sides flex the head, one side rotates it. |
| Levator Ani | Forms pelvic floor; supports pelvic organs. |
| Carpal Tunnel | Passage in the wrist; flexor tendons pass through here—can compress nerves. |
| Intrinsic | Muscles entirely within a region |
| Extrinsic | Originate outside but act on that region |
| Epicranius (Occipitofrontalis) | Muscle with a front (forehead) and back (occipital) portion; raises eyebrows and moves scalp. |
| Orbicularis Oculi | Circular muscle around the eye; allows blinking and squinting. |
| Masseter | Main chewing (mastication) muscle; elevates the mandible. |
| External Intercostals | Muscles between ribs that elevate ribs during inhalation. |
| Linea Alba | Tough connective tissue band from sternum to pubis; separates left and right abdominal muscles |
| Achilles Tendon (Calcaneal Tendon) | Common tendon of gastrocnemius and soleus; attaches to heel bone. |
| Posture | Optimal body positioning maintained by continuous, low-level muscle contraction (tone) against gravity. |
| Parallel | Muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. |
| Fusiform | A type of parallel muscle with a wide belly and tapering ends. |
| Pennate | Muscle fibers attach obliquely (like a feather) to a central tendon. |
| Convergent | Broad origin with fibers converging to a single insertion point |
| Circular (Sphincter) | Fibers arranged in concentric rings; surround openings. |
| Spiral | Muscle fibers twist between origin and insertion in a spiral or helical shape. |
| Tendon | A strong, cord-like connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. |
| Aponeurosis | A broad, flat sheet of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or other muscles. |
| Epimysium | The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle. |
| Perimysium | Connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles). |
| Endomysium | Thin connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber. |
| Fascia | A sheet of connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles and other internal organs. |
| Tendon Sheath | A synovial membrane-covered tube surrounding certain tendons (especially in hands/feet). |
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