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IB Biology A.1-C.1.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Define polarity in water | Water is polar because oxygen attracts shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen, creating partial charges. |
| Hydrogen bonds in water | Hydrogen bonds form when the δ⁺ hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the δ⁻ oxygen of another, creating a weak intermolecular force. |
| What bond creates cohesion | Hydrogen bonds between water molecules create cohesion |
| What does cohesion create in water | Hydrogen bonds between water molecules create cohesion, allowing surface tension and droplet formation. |
| What is cohesion between | Cohesion = water connects water |
| What is adhesion between | Adhesion = water connects to other stuff |
| What gives water it's high specific heat capacity | hydrogen bonding gives water its high specific heat capacity |
| Explain how hydrogen bonding gives water its high specific heat capacity | Hydrogen bonds restrict molecular motion, requiring substantial energy to increase temperature. Water thus absorbs or releases large amounts of heat with little temperature change. |
| How does water heats up fast | hydrogen bonds to energy input and to thermal stability for organisms (simply that “water heats slowly”) |
| True of false: water is an effective coolant in living organisms | True |
| Why is water an effective coolant in living organisms | Evaporation of water requires energy to break hydrogen bonds. The heat absorbed from the body or leaf surface during evaporation removes energy, cooling the organism. |
| True of false: no energy is needed to break hydrogen bonds | False |
| True of false: water and methane do not differ significantly in their thermal properties. | True: Water and methane differ significantly in their thermal properties due to their molecular structures. |
| Why can water form hydrogen bonds and not methane also | Water molecules are polar, allowing them to form hydrogen bonds between one another, whereas methane molecules are non-polar and cannot hydrogen bond |
| True of false: methane molecules are non-polar | True |
| Why does water have a high boiling point | water has a higher boiling point (100 °C) since more energy is required to break the extensive network of hydrogen bonds in water. |
| True of false: methane has an equal high boiling point like water | False: methane doesn't have hydrogen bonds that require energy to break, so it has a lower boiling point than water |
| Water's high specific heat capacity allows for it to... | Water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning it can absorb or release large amounts of heat with minimal temperature change, |
| Why does methane have a low heat capacity | Methane’s lack of hydrogen bonding |
| True of false: methane has a high heat capacity | False: Methane’s lack of hydrogen bonding gives it a low heat capacity |
| Does water's heat capacity affect living organisms | Heat capacity makes water vital for temperature regulation in living organisms |
| Why does water decrease in density when frozen | When water freezes, hydrogen bonds form a lattice that spaces molecules farther apart, decreasing density. |
| How can ice make aquatic habitats habitable for organisms | Ice floats and insulates water below, preventing it from freezing and maintaining liquid habitats through winter. |
| Simple formula for why water decreases in density when frozen | lattice → lower density → insulation for life. |
| Hydrogen bonds attach between where in water molecules | Between the negative oxygen and a positive hydrogen |
| Definition of the term Nucleotide | A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base |
| What bond links a nucleotide together | Is linked by covalent bonds. |
| Where do 2 nucleotides bond and what bond connects them | Between the phosphate and sugar and a phosphodiester bond (a covalent bond) |
| What's the the structure of a DNA molecule | DNA consists of two antiparallel polynucleotide strands twisted into a double helix |
| What's the DNA molecule base pairing system? | Bases pair via hydrogen bonds: A–T (two) and G–C (three) |
| What's the DNA molecule strand directionality. | One strand runs 5′→3′, the other 3′→5′ |
| Explain how complementary base pairing ensures accuracy during DNA replication | Each parent strand serves as a template; A pairs only with T and G with C. Complementary guarantees identical sequences in daughter strands. |
| Describe the role of RNA in protein synthesis | mRNA carries genetic information to ribosomes, tRNA delivers amino acids, and rRNA forms part of ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation. |
| What are all ll three RNA types | mRNA tRNA rRNA |
| Describe the role of mRNA in protein synthesis | mRNA carries genetic information to ribosomes |
| Describe the role of tRNA in protein synthesis | tRNA delivers amino acids |
| Describe the role of rRNA in protein synthesis | rRNA forms part of ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation |
| Compare and contrast the bases of DNA and RNA. | The nitrogenous bases also differ because DNA uses adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (ATGC), while RNA replaces thymine with uracil (AUGC) |
| Name the DNA nitrogenous bases | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine (ATGC) |
| Name the RNA nitrogenous bases | Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine (AUGC) |
| Describe DNA vs RNA stands | DNA is typically double-stranded, forming a stable double helix, whereas RNA is single-stranded and more flexible. |
| What trait of RNA being single-stranded differs it from DNA | RNA is single-stranded and more flexible whereas DNA is double-stranded making a stable double helix twist |
| What functions does RNA do | RNA is primarily involved in protein synthesis as messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNA |
| What functions does DNA do | DNA serves as the molecule of genetic information storage |
| Where is DNA found | DNA is found mainly in the nucleus |
| Where is RNA found | RNA is active in the cytoplasm and at ribosomes. |
| Name the three main processes linking genetic information to protein formation | Replication, transcription, and translation |
| Where does replication take place | Replication takes place in the nucleus |
| What is the process / purpose of replication | The cell produces a complete copy of its DNA, ensuring that the entire genome is duplicated before cell division. |
| Where does transcription take place | Transcription also occurs in the nucleus |
| What is the process / purpose of transcription | A single gene’s base sequence is copied into a complementary mRNA molecule, effectively writing RNA instructions from DNA so the genetic message can leave the nucleus. |
| Where does translation take place | Translation occurs at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| What is the process / purpose of translation | The sequence of bases in mRNA is decoded into a specific polypeptide chain, thereby building the protein that will perform cellular functions. |
| Explain the significance of hydrogen bonds in DNA stability and replication. | Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helix but are weak enough to allow strand separation during replication. |
| Define monosaccharide | Monosaccharide = one sugar unit |
| Define disaccharide | Disaccharide = two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond |
| Define polysaccharide | Polysaccharide = long chain polymer of monosaccharides. |
| Condensation joins what and forms what bonds | Condensation joins monosaccharides releasing water and forming glycosidic bonds. |
| Hydrolysis uses what to break glycosidic bonds, and to break what into smaller units. | Hydrolysis uses water to break the bonds, and breaks polysaccharides into smaller units. |
| What (a or b) -glucose units is starch and glycogen composed of | starch and glycogen are composed of α-glucose units |
| What (a or b) -glucose units is Cellulose composed of | Cellulose is built from β-glucose monomers giving it a completely different orientation of bonds from starch and glycogen. |
| How are glucose molecules linked and what structure does this make | In starch, the glucose molecules are linked by α-1,4 and occasional α-1,6 glycosidic bonds, forming a helical structure. |
| True or False: the helical structure in glucose molecules are suited for energy storage in plants. | True |
| How are glycogen molecules linked and what structure does this make | Glycogen is formed from α-glucose, contains numerous α-1,6 branches (making it more highly branched) and a compact structure. |
| What about glycogen allows for rapid energy release in animals | Glycogen, is highly branched and compact, which allows for rapid energy release in animals. |
| How are cellulose molecules linked and what structure does this make | Cellulose is composed of β-1,4 glycosidic bonds that produce straight unbranched chains |
| True or False: cellulose has strong fibers giving it a structural role in plant cell walls and not an energy-storage function. | True |
| What bonds are Cellulose's fibers connected by | The unbranched chains are capable of forming strong fibers by hydrogen bonding |
| Explain why cellulose cannot be digested by most animals | Most animals lack the enzyme cellulase to hydrolyze β-1,4 bonds (only some microbes possess it) |
| Describe the structural of saturated fatty acids | Saturated = no double bonds → so straight chains |
| Describe the structural of cis-unsaturated fatty acids | Cis = double bond causes bend |
| Describe the structural of trans-unsaturated fatty acids | Trans = double bond without bend (and the hydrogens are on opposite sides) |
| Explain how cis-unsaturated fatty acid shape affects physical properties | Cis fats are bent and cannot pack closely → lower melting points (liquid) |
| Explain how Saturated and trans-unsaturated fatty acid shape affects physical properties. | Saturated and trans fats are not bent and can pack tightly → solid at room temperature. |
Created by:
TheresaJ