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Amina M
Anatomy - assignment 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anterior (ventral) | refers to the front of the body or body part |
| posterior (dorsal) | refers to the back of the body or body part |
| superior (cranial) | towards the head or upper part of a structure |
| inferior (caudal) | away from the head. towards the lower part of a structure |
| medial | towards the midline of the body |
| lateral | away from the midline of the body |
| proximal | closer to the point of attachment or organ |
| distal | farther from the point of attachment or origin |
| superficial | near the surface of the body |
| deep | away from the surface, more internal |
| epithelial tissue | covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands. provides protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration. ex: skin epidermis, lining of digestive tract, glandular tissue |
| connective tissue | supports, binds and protects organs; stores energy ; transports substances. ex: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood, adipose |
| muscle tissue | responsible for movement of body parts and organs.; generates force and heat. ex: skeletal muscle(voluntary), cardiac muscle(heart), smooth muscle(walls of organs) |
| nervous tissue | conducts electrical signals for communication between body parts; controls body functions. ex: brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| epidermis | outer layer of skin; provides a waterproof barrier; made mostly of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| dermis | middle layer; provides strength and flexibility' contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and connective tissue |
| hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | deepest layer; made of adipose and connective tissue; provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage |
| keratinocytes | cells in epidermis that produce keratin for strength and water resistance |
| melanocytes | produce melanin, the pigment that protects against UV radiation |
| Langerhans cells | immune cells in the epidermis that help fight pathogens |
| merkel cells | sensory cells in the epidermis involved in touch sensation |
| sweat glands (eccrine & apocrine) | produce sweat to regulate temperature and excrete waste |
| sebaceous glands | secrete sebum (oil) to lubricate skin and hair |
| hair follicles | structures that produce hair; involved in sensation and protection |
| blood vessels | supply nutrients and oxygen to the skin; help with temperature regulation |
| nerve endings | detect touch, press, pain, and temperature |
| bone (osseous tissue) | rigid connective tissue that provides support, protect, and structure for the body |
| compact bone | dense bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones; provides strength and support |
| spongy(cancellous) bone | lighter, porous bone tissue inside bones; contains red bone marrow for blood cell production |
| osteocyte | mature bone cell that maintains bone tissues |
| osteoblast | bone-forming cell; produces new bone matrix |
| osteoclast | bone-resorbing cell; breaks down bone tissue for remodeling and calcium release |
| osteon (Haversian system) | structural unit of compact bone; contains central canal with blood vessels and concentric lamellae |
| lacuna | small vanity within bone matrix the houses osteocytes |
| canaliculi | tiny channels connecting lacunae; allow nutrient and water exchange between osteocytes |
| periosteum | dense connective tissue covering bone surface; contains nerves, blood vessels, and cells for growth/repair |
| endosteum | membrane lining internal bone surfaces; contains bone-forming cells |
| cartilage | flexible connective tissue that reduces friction at joints and supports certain structure (e.g., nose, ear) |
| hyaline cartilage | smooth, glassy cartilage that covers joint surfaces and supports respiratory structures |
| fibrocartilage | strong, tough cartilage found in intervertebral discs and knee menisci |
| elastic cartilage | flexible cartilage found in ear or epiglottis |
| axial skeleton | forms the central axis of the body; supports and protects organs |
| skull | protects the brain and forms facial structure |
| vertebral column | protects the spinal cord; supports head and trunk |
| rib cage (thoracic cage) | protects heart and lungs; assists in breathing |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the limbs and girdles; allow movements and manipulation of objects |
| pectoral (shoulder) girdle | connects arms to axial skeleton ; includes scapula and clavicle |
| upper limbs | humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges |
| pelvic girdle | connects legs to axial skeleton; includes hip bones |
| lower limbs | femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
| joints (articulations) | points where bones meet; allow movement |
| fibrous joints | immovable (e.g., sutures in the skull) |
| cartilaginous joints | slightly movable (e.g., intervertebral discs ) |
| synovial joints | freely movable (e.g., knee, shoulder) |
| bone marrow | soft tissue inside bones; red marrow produces blood cells, yellow marrow stores fat |
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