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Molecular Genetics

Biology Honors Unit 4

TermDefinition
DNA biological molecule capable of storing, copying, and transmitting the genetic information in a cell
DNA replication the process a cell goes through to copy the DNA before division
base pairs adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine match to form nucleotides according to Chargaff's rule
DNA polymerase the enzyme that joins nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA
telomeres DNA at the tips of chromosomes that can be difficult to replicate
RNA a nucleic acid that uses the instruction in DNA to direct the production of proteins, which help determine an organisms’ characteristics (gene expression)
messenger RNA carries information from DNA from the nucleus to ribosomes
ribosome RNA make up ribosomes, where proteins are assembled
transfer RNA carries amino acid codes and matches them to the mRNA messages
transcription segments of DNA are used as templates to make complementary mRNA strands
RNA polymerase an enzyme that binds to and separates DNA during transcription, using one strand as a template to make RNA.
central dogma of molecular biology information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins
mutation heritable changes in genetic information caused by variations during transcription
translation mRNA is passsed through a ribosome in three base sections to create an amino acid which bond to form proteins
codon three base section of RNA that corresponds with an amino acid
point mutation change in a single base pair resulting in a substitution, silent mutation, missense mutation, or nonsense mutation
frameshift mutation change in the entire reading frame of the genetic code due to an insertion or deletion of one base pair
chromosomal mutation change the number or structure of chromosomes or number of copies of some genes (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
polyploidy the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes
Created by: user-1960358
 

 



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