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NUR 236 ch 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is considered hypertension | 120/80 |
| Primary problems | genetic and environmental causes |
| Secondary problems | multiple other conditions |
| Definition of aneurysym | Outpouching of the wall of an artery resulting from a structural defect in the layers of the arterial wall |
| Hypertension target organs | Eyes, brain, heart, kidneys |
| What is the silent killer | asymptomatic |
| Hypertension treatment | Smoking cessation, weight reduction, sodium restriction, alcohol restriction, exercise, a low-fat diet, and stress control |
| What is the widow maker | AAA - abdominal aortic aneurysm (no coming back) |
| Signs and symptoms of hypertension | Headache, dizziness, blurred vision, blackouts, irritability, angina, dyspnea, or fatigue |
| Nonmodifiable risk factors | Age Gender Ethnicity or race Family history |
| Modifiable risk factors | Alcohol Cigarette smoking Diabetes Obesity Stress Elevated serum lipids Excess dietary sodium Lower socioeconomic status |
| life-threatening situation in which the blood pressure rises higher than 180/120 mm Hg and there is indication of target organ damage. | Hypertensive emergency |
| Hypertensive emergency symptoms | Symptoms may include severe headache, blurred vision, seizures, nausea, and change in level of consciousness. |
| when the blood pressure rises to 180/110 mm Hg but there are no signs or symptoms of target organ damage. | Hypertensive urgency (more common) |
| Hypertensive urgency TX | The patient is observed in the emergency department and treated with oral medication. The patient is directed to follow up with the primary care provider. |
| What are the complications of uncontrolled hypertension | damage to arteries, making them less elastic. This places an increased workload on the heart. This may cause myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy, and congestive heart failure |
| Hypertension to the kidneys | may cause damage to the small vessels of the kidney and may lead to kidney failure |
| Hypertension to the eyes | damages the arteries of the eye, causing the formation of clots or occurrence of hemorrhage that may lead to blurred vision or blindness |
| Hypertension to the brain | Small vessel damage to the brain disrupts circulation and may lead to transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and stroke |
| hardening of the arteries | Arteriosclerosis thickening of the artery walls that progresses to hardening as calcium deposits form |
| artery narrowing due to lipids | Atherosclerosis lipids are deposited within the vessel walls and combine with cells, fibrin, and cell debris to form plaques |
| What speeds the development of Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis | Diabetes mellitus |
| major factor in arteriosclerosis | Hypertension |
| Narrowing or obstruction of peripheral blood vessels and loss of function | Peripheral Vascular Disease |
| What to do to prevent PVD | Decrease atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis Control diabetes mellitus and hypertension Avoid smoking |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease cause | atherosclerosis |
| Signs, symptoms, and diagnosis of PAD | Intermittent claudication Arterial ulcers Arterial embolism and 6 P’s Older adult considerations |
| PAD TX | Exercise Smoking cessation |
| What is Intermittent claudication | pain that comes and goes |
| 6 P’s | pain, pulselessness, poikilothermia (coldness), pallor, paresthesias, and paralysis |
| Differences in Signs and Symptoms of Arterial and Venous Disease | Pulses Skin Edema Ulceration Necrosis and gangrene Pain Nails Hair |
| Signs and symptoms of aneurysm | NO obvious signs and symptom |
| TX for aneurysm | Surgery Focus: Lower blood pressure and treat the pain |
| A primary condition not caused by atherosclerosis, but it involves inflammation and thickening of small and medium-size arteries | Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease) |
| Signs and symptoms of Buerger Disease | Numbness and tingling of the toes or fingers in cold weather Pain in the feet Intermittent claudication |
| (Buerger Disease) Tx | Cessation of smoking Exercise |
| Characterized by spasm of the arteries of the upper and lower extremities | Raynaud |
| Signs and symptoms of Raynaud | The affected body part changes color; when the spasm stops, there typically is burning pain and throbbing |
| Raynaud TX | Stress control, avoidance of exposure to cold, and smoking cessation Calcium channel blockers Synthetic prostaglandin iloprost (Ventavis) |
| Superficial thrombophlebitis causes | Vessel trauma, venous stasis (or turbulence), and abnormal coagulability |
| SS of Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Redness and tenderness along the course of the vein accompanied by swelling are the usual presenting symptoms |
| Superficial Thrombophlebitis TX | Treatment is primarily symptomatic Analgesics Elastic support hose |
| DVT SS | Pain, swelling, redness, and edema |
| DVT TX | IV heparin Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), such as enoxaparin (Lovenox) Oral anticoagulation Thrombolytic therapy Compression stockings Vena cava filter |
| TX for Varicose Veins | includes using elastic support hose, exercising the legs and feet periodically throughout the day, and elevating the legs whenever possible. |
| Enlarged and tortuous veins that are distorted in shape by accumulations of pooled blood | Varicose Veins |
| Absence of or damage to the valves in the veins. | Chronic Venous Insufficiency |
| Signs, symptoms, and diagnosis Chronic Venous Insufficiency | Chronically swollen legs; thick, brownish skin around the ankles; and itchy, scaly skin |
| Chronic Venous Insufficiency TX | Knee-high elastic support stockings and elevation of the legs for 8 out of 24 h each day |
| Who are most high risk for venous stasis ulcer | Diabetic patients because of compromised circulation in the extremities and a slow rate of healing |
| Venous Stasis Ulcer TX | Leg elevation, a moist dressing, and compression Dressing to be used depends on the condition of the ulcer and the amount of exudate produced |
Created by:
kaimcd