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Human Phys Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is gender role | ways that society expects men and women to behave |
| What is gender identity | One's own subjective sense of being male or female |
| What is released during ovulation | secondary oocyte |
| What is chromosomal gender | XX or XY |
| What is gonadal gender | Internal gender Testes or Ovaries |
| What is gender based on external genital appearance | Penis vs Vagina |
| What is gender based on pubertal hormones | External anatomy once puberty hits |
| What is gender based on assignment | Gender assigned based on genitals seen at birth |
| What is gender based on identity | Gender person identifies with once more grown |
| Who has a higher mortality rate? M or F As a fetus? As a newborn? As an adult? give examples | Males Fetus: 120 males per 100 females but only 105 are actually born Newborn: males higher risk for CP, premature, still birth, developmental and X-linked disorders Adult: More deaths by accident and suicide, and higher risk for diabetes, alcoholism,+ |
| Difference between M and F in the cardiovascular system | Women have higher HR and lower BP Males carry more oxygen in blood |
| Difference between M and F in the Skin, bones and joints | Women have thicker skin, less prone to acne, more adipose, sweat less Men have higher bone density, less likely to knee injuries |
| Difference between M and F in digestion and metabolism | Food moves slowly in women, more cholesterol in bile, more prone to gallbladder disease Men have Men secrete more stomach acid and have a higher metabolic weight |
| Difference between M and F in drug metabolism | Women have less alcohol dehydrogenase and smoking is more dangerous (lung cancer) and is more sensitive carcinogenic |
| Difference between M and F in senses (hearing, olfaction, vision, pain) | women have better night vision, see red better, better visual memory, better peripheral vision women have a lower pain tolerance |
| Difference between M and F in the brain size | male brains are larger |
| What is the function of the penis | Conduit for urine to leave body Deposits sperm into vagina Pleasure |
| What are the glans used for in the penis | the head of the penis where the opening is |
| What is corpora cavernosa used for in the penis | 2 large areas of tissue that fill with blood during excitement |
| What is corpus spongiosum used for in the penis | surrounds urethra and fills with blood during excitement |
| What is foreskin used for in the penis | protects the head of the penis and keeps the glans moist |
| Pros of circumcision | Less risk for STDs, lower risk for penile cancer, Improved hygeine |
| What is smegma | oil mixed with skin produced by glands under foreskin |
| What is the scrotum used for in the penis | contain the testes |
| Why is the scrotum external | To keep the testes 5.5F less than body temperature |
| What is the function of testes in the penis | Spermatogenesis Secretion of TST |
| What are seminiferous tubules used for in the penis | Sperm is produced by meiosis |
| What is spermatogonia | primordial germinal cells become spermatocytes then spermatids then sperm |
| What are sertoli cells | Supportive cells provides nutrients and clear debris for germ cells Protect blood testes barrier Role in maturation of spermatozoa secretes hormones (FSH,LH,AMH) |
| What do sertoli cells control | Maturation Mechanical support Blood testes barrier hormonal control |
| What do the cells of leydig do | secrete TST |
| What does Epididymis do in the penis | maturation of sperm |
| What happens in the vas deferens | Muscles surrounding vas deferens to help propel sperm through duct system and leads into ejaculatory |
| What is a vasectomy | severing of vas deferens |
| Why do vasectomy work | prevents sperm from being ejaculated |
| What things can influence how effective a vasectomy is | Residual sperm, Not completing follow up testing |
| What does the ejaculatory duct do in the penis | Short tubes that pass through prostate gland to terminate in urethra |
| What travels in the urethra | sperm and urine |
| What is the function of the sperm head | Stores DNA |
| What is the function of the sperm middle | provides energy necessary for the tail to move |
| What is the function of the sperm tail | motility towards the egg |
| What is the function of the enzymes on the sperm head | to break through egg (capacitation) |
| Approximately how long does it take to produce a mature sperm | 64-74 days |
| When in a man's lifecycle are sperm produced | puberty (10-12) |
| Where are sperm produced | testicles |
| What is spermatogonia.. diploid or haploid? | diploid |
| What is primary spermatocytes.. diploid or haploid? | diploid |
| What is secondary spermatocytes.. diploid or haploid? | haploid |
| What is spermatids.. diploid or haploid? | haploid |
| What is spermatozoa.. diploid or haploid? | haploid |
| What hormones are involved in spermatogenesis | FSH, TST, LH |
| Which hormone goes to Sertoli cells to stimulate | FSH |
| Which hormone goes to cells of leydig | LH |
| What is ABP | Androgen binding protein |
| Where does ABP come from | FSH causes Sertoili cells to secrete it |
| What does ABP do | makes sperm responsive to testosterone to help with spermatogenesis |
| What is the role of sertoli cells in spermatogenesis | sperm embed here to mature and secrete ABP |
| Whats the pathway that sperm travels from produciton until it leaves the body | Seminiferous tubules to Epididymis to Vas deferens to Ejaculatory duct to Urethra |
| Days 1-5 in cycle | menstration |
| Days 6-13 | follicular phase follicles grow and mature endometrium grows again |
| Day 14 | Secondary oocyte release |
| Days 15-28 | Corpus luteum secrete progesterone and estrogen gets ready for pregnancy |
| What are the glands that secrete something for the semen | Seminal Vesicle, Prostate gland, Cowper's gland |
| What do seminal vesicles contribute to semen | 60% of production |
| What do prostate glands contribute to semen | 30% |
| What do cowper's gland contribute to semen | 5% |
| What is a hyperplastic prostate | non-cancerous enlargement of prostate gland |
| What problems do a hyperplastic prostate cause | difficulty peeing at night |
| What are the components of the vulva | Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, Vestibule |
| What are the functions for the components of the Mons Pubis | Shock absorber during coitus Traps pheromones |
| Similarities between clitoris and penis | Both have shaft, base and glans Embryologically both arise from the same fetal genital ridge. |
| What is a clitoridectomy | surgical removal of the clitoris |
| What is the structure of the vagina walls | Inner layer of walls have ridges that stimulate the penis during intercourse Have lots of BV and composed to smooth muscle lined with mucus membranes |
| What is the hymen and whats its purpose | No known biological function tissue covering part of vaginal opening |
| What is the G spot and whats its purpose | tissues similar to prostate and nearby glands related to female ejaculation |
| What is the function of lactobacteria | Keeps bad bacteria out by generating lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide to disinfect vagina |
| What kills lactobacteria | Douching, Semen, basic microbes |
| What happens when lactobacteria dies | Other bacteria grow |
| What is the cervix and whats its purpose | neck of the uterus that has a mucous plug opens to expel baby. |
| What are the walls of the uterus and what are their purposes | Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium |
| What is a hysterectomy | surgical procedure to remove the entire uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes |
| What are fibroids | non-cancerous growth in uterus. |
| What is cervical cancer | Viral based cancer that takes years to develop |
| What is endometriosis | endometrial tissue detaches from uterus and lodges into other regions (ex: ovaries) |
| What is the function of the fallopian tubes | Allows ovum to be released from ovary and carries it to uterus Site of fertilization |
| What is tube sterilization and why does it work | Fallopian tubes are cut off and removed Ovum cannot be fertilized |
| FSH in males | stimulates sertoli cells (support sperm making) |
| LH in males | Makes leydig cells to make TST for sperm |
| FSH in women | follicles grow |
| LH in women | causes ovulation |
| What is the function of the ovaries | Ovulation (release of ovum) Endocrine organ |
| Difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis | Males produce millions of sperm while women only produce 1 egg Sperm produced every 100 days from puberty onwards while women are born with all eggs Sperm is smallest cell while egg is largest cell |
| How many sperm are made from spermatogonia | 4 |
| How many ovum are made from oogonia | 1 |
| What is an oogonia | Undifferentiated stem cell |
| What is primary oocytes | growth phase before first meiotic division (46 chromosomes) |
| What is secondary oocytes | released during ovulation after meiosis (23 chromosomes) |
| What is ovum | mature egg |
| Difference between oocyte and follicle | oocyte is an immature egg follicle supports oocyte development **oocyte is located inside the follicle |
| Stages of development of the oocyte before birth | oogonia becomes primary oocyte (held in meiotic arrest) |
| Stages of development of the oocyte during puberty | each month primary oocyte finish meiosis 1 and secondary oocyte plus polar body |
| Stages of development of the oocyte during ovulation | release of secondary oocyte Corpus luteum left behind to produce estrogen and progesterone |
| Stages of development of the oocyte if fertilized | ovum, finishes meiosis 2 |
| What is the function of the polar bodies | ensure egg receives bulk of the nutrients and cytoplasm for early embryonic development |
| What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle | follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase menstrual phase, |
| What is menstrual synchrony | individuals who spend a lot of time together (ex: roommates) may start their periods around the same time |
| How many sperm are deposited in vagina bs how many make it to the egg | 300,000,000 deposited 20-200 make it to egg |
| What are the difficulties sperm encounter when trying to fertilize egg | Acidic vagina, needs to travel a long way, |
| What are some changes that occur in a pregnant woman's body | Hormonal changes, Breast and uterus enlargement, organs move around, Cardiovascular changes, Fluid volume increases in body, weight gain |
| How much weight should a pregnant woman gain | 25-30 lbs |
| How long does the average pregnancy last | 38-40 weeks 9 months |
| When does pregnancy begin | Implantation |
| What are the process of pregnancy stages | Germinal stage, Embryonic stage, Development of biological sex, Development of fetus |
| How long is the germinal stage | first 2 weeks or so |
| What happens during the germinal stage | egg is fertilized and divides, Makes its way through the fallopian tube to uterus |
| Which hormone causes ovulaiton | LH |
| What remains behind in ovary during menstrtaion | corpus luteum |
| What is the corpus luteum | hormone secretion Progesterone and estrogen |
| What is a morula | Solid ball of 16-64 cells during cleavage of egg |
| What day does the egg make its way to uterus | day 3 after fertilization |
| What is a blastocyst | hollow, fluid filled center |
| About how long does it take for implantation to occur | Takes up to a week starts around day 7-10 |
| When does the blastocyst implant and what does it become | day 10 and becomes an embryo |
| When is the embryonic stage | implantation to week 8 |
| What is the placenta | Life support for the embryo/fetus |
| What hormone maintains the embryo until the placenta develops | hCG |
| What hormones maintain the placenta | hCG, progesterone and estrogen |
| Which substances can cross the placenta | Oxygen, CO2, Nutrients, Drugs, viruses, maternal antibodies |
| Which substances cant cross the placenta | bacteria and large molecules (pituitary hormones) |
| What is the umbilical cord | connects placenta to embryo and transports oxygen, food, and wastes from embryo |
| What is the amniotic sac | Fluid filled sac that lines the uterus |
| What is the purpose of the amniotic fluid | fluid cushions, controls temperature, allows equal development of muscles |
| Difference between X and Y chromosome in size | Y is smallest chromosome (70-200 genes) X is largest chromosome (2000 genes) |
| What is a Barr Body | dot of condensed material in female cells that was a remnant of an x chromosome thats been inactivated |
| What is X inactivation | 1 X chromosome is randomly turned off in the cell Only occurs in women |
| Why are males more related to mothers than fathers and daughters. | Due to X inactivation Boys only have 1 X so they will constantly have that one X (mother's). Women have 2 X's so some of mother's X's may be turned off |
| What is the role of the Y chromosome | Causes changes that make male anatomy develop Causes testes to differentiate |
| If a fetus has a Y chromosome, what hormones and systems are activated (and inhibited) to have the child develop male genitalia? | TST causes male internal reproductive anatomy to develop and masculinize body DHT grows the penis and scrotum AMH prevents ovaries, uterus and uterine tubes from developing |
| Difference between Mullerian duct and Wolffian ducts | Wolffian Ducts become epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts Mullerian Ducts become fallopian tubes, uterus, inner 2/3 of vagina |
| What has to happen for an XX embryo to become female | SRY activates to develop ovaries instead of testes |
| What is a trimester | Period of 3 months during pregnancy (3 trimesters in total) |
| What are some theories about morning sickness | keeps women from eating substances that could harm the embryo |
| What is a couvade | partner of pregnant woman experiences physical and emotional symptoms of pregnancy |
| What physical characteristics does a mother experience at each trimester | Back pain, heartburn, gas, leg cramps, walking/sitting/rising difficult, pressure on bladder and stomach, dark line down abdomen |
| What are some signs of impending birth | Lightning Braxton-Hicks contractions Bloody show Breaking of the water |
| Describe the sign of impending birth: Lightening | Baby drops into pelvic cavity 2-4 weeks before birth Easier to breathe but more pressure on bladder |
| What hormones initiate birth | Oxytocin, Prostaglandins, Relaxin, Estrogen, Adrenaline, Endorphins |
| 3 stages of childbirth | Labor, Expulsion of fetus, expulsion of placenta |
| What are the 3 stages of labor | Early labor, active labor, transition |
| What occurs during early labor | cervix thins and softens cervix dilates to about 3 cm Uterine contractions are intense and at regular intervals |
| What is occurring during expulsion of fetus | Fetus comes through birth canal contractions more controllable |
| What is an episiotomy | cutting the perineum (vagina to anus) |
| What are some pros and cons of an episiotomy | Pros: prevents tearing of perineal tissue and relieves pressure on baby's head Cons: increases recovery time and delays healing |
| What is crowning | baby's head is just appearing in the external opening of vagina |
| How does the baby's head come out | face down |
| What is done to the baby when it is first born | mucus is cleaned off of baby umbilical cord is snipped off penicillin or silver nitrate in baby's eyes to prevent infection |
| What is occurring during expulsion of placenta stage | placenta detaches from uterine wall and comes out with umbilical cord |
| What is the APGAR | Tests baby at 1 minute after birth and 5 minutes to confirm health |
| What does APGAR measure | color, HR, Reflex irritability, muscle tone, RR |
| Difference between M and F brain laterilization | Women have less lateralized brains |
| Difference between M and F corpus callosum | women have a larger one |
| Difference between M and F CSF and blood flow | men have more CSF women have more blood flow |
| Which cortex is larger in the male brain and why | right hemisphere from prenatal TST |
| Which part of the female cortex is larger | frontal cortex |
| Cons of circumcision | pain and discomfort immediately after Risk for infection Cosmetic issues |
| What are the functions for the components of the Labia majora | protects vulva has a sexual response |
| What are the functions for the components of the Labia minora | swell with blood during excitement |
| What are the functions for the components of the vestibule | cavity between labia minora that has the urethral and vaginal orifice, and the greater vestibular glands |
| differences between clitoris and penis | Lots of blood vessels and some erectile tissue in clitoris When erect, clitoris isnt rigid, but swollen and springy In men, erection pushes down on veins that leave so stays erect. Clitoris can have blood rush in and out and back again. |
| Describe the sign of impending birth: Braxton-Hicks contractions | false labor practice to prepare uterus for labor |
| Describe the sign of impending birth: Bloody show | Mucus plug comes out when cervix dilates |
| Describe the sign of impending birth: Water breaks | amniotic sac breaks |
| What occurs during active labor | Intense and regular contractions Cervix dilates to 7 cm Contractions get more regular and intense |
| What occurs during transition | Shortest but hardest part of labor very strong contractions cervix dilates to 10 cm |
| The social construct defining a person as a man or a woman, encompassing behavioral, social, and psychological status, is known as: a) Sex b) Gender c) Gender role d) Gender identity | b) Gender |
| Which disorder results in a person having female external anatomy despite possessing internal testes and a Y chromosome? a) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia b) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency c) Androgen Sensitivity Disorder d) Endometriosis | c) Androgen Sensitivity Disorder |
| In humans, who genetically determines the gender of the child? a) The mother (only giving X) b) The father (giving X or Y) c) Both parents equally d) Neither; it is determined by hormonal exposure | b) The father (giving X or Y) |
| The X chromosome, compared to the Y chromosome, is approximately how much larger? a) Twice as large b) Four times larger c) Six times larger d) The Y chromosome is larger | c) Six times larger |
| A small dot of condensed material found in female cells that is a remnant of an inactivated X chromosome is called the: a) Oogonia b) Blastocyst c) Barr Body d) SRY region | c) Barr Body |
| During prenatal sexual differentiation, the sex organs possess both the Wolffian ducts and the Mullerian ducts. Which structure develops into uterus and fallopian tubes if no Y chromosome is there a) SRY b) Wolffian ducts c) Mullerian ducts d) Epididymis | c) Mullerian ducts |
| Which hormone secreted by the developing testes causes the structures that would otherwise become a uterus and fallopian tubes to wither away? a) Testosterone (TST) b) Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) c) Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) d) Testis Determining Factor | c) Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) |
| Which group has a higher mortality risk across several stages of life, including fetal, newborn (higher risk of CP, stillbirth), and adult (higher risk of lung cancer, suicide)? a) Females b) Males | b) Males |
| Which physiological difference is characteristic of women compared to men? a) Higher blood pressure b) Ability to carry more oxygen due to higher blood volume c) Faster heart beat d) Sweat less copiously and less effectively | c) Faster heart beat |
| Due to their wider pelvis, weaker musculature, and joints, women athletes are more prone to injuries in which area? a) Back b) Shoulder c) Ankle d) Knee | d) Knee |
| Regarding digestion and metabolism, which statement is true according to the notes? a) Women secrete more stomach acid. b) Men have a lower metabolic rate. c) Food moves through a woman’s body more slowly d) Men are more prone to gall bladder disease | c) Food moves through a woman’s body more slowly |
| Controlling for the number of cigarettes smoked, women are significantly more likely than men (20-72%) to develop which condition? a) Diabetes b) Lung cancer c) Ulcers d) Alcoholism | b) Lung cancer |
| In terms of vision, women typically have better abilities in which area? a) Vision in bright light b) Seeing better in the fovea c) Night vision and seeing the red spectrum better d) Mild tunnel vision | c) Night vision and seeing the red spectrum better |
| Which brain structure is typically larger in women, aiding in better speech recovery after a stroke (suggesting less lateralization)? a) Parietal lobes b) Amygdalae c) Broca and Wernicke areas d) Cerebellum | c) Broca and Wernicke areas |
| The highly sensitive head of the penis is called the: a) Corpus spongiosum b) Corona c) Glans d) Corpora cavernosa | c) Glans |
| A major argument against circumcision listed in the sources is: a) Increased risk of STD b) Pain and discomfort immediately afterwards c) Higher risk of penile cancer d) Poor hygiene | b) Pain and discomfort immediately afterwards |
| Which cylindrical mass of erectile tissue surrounds the urethra in the penis? a) Glans b) Corpus spongiosum c) Corpora cavernosa d) Prepuse | b) Corpus spongiosum |
| The scrotum keeps the testes at an optimal temperature for sperm viability, which is approximately how much lower than body temperature? a) 5.5°F lower b) 10.0°F lower c) 1.5°F lower d) 98.6°F | a) 5.5°F lower |
| What is the primary function of the Interstitial cells of Leydig, located between the seminiferous tubules? a) Spermatogenesis b) Secretion of Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) c) Maintenance of the blood testes barrier d) Secretion of testosterone (TST) | d) Secretion of testosterone (TST) |
| The supportive cells necessary for spermatogenesis that provide nutrients, clear debris, and maintain the blood testes barrier are called: a) Spermatogonia b) Cells of Leydig c) Secondary spermatocytes d) Sertoli cells | d) Sertoli cells |
| Where does the sperm fully mature and gain motility (learn to swim) during its journey? a) Seminiferous tubules b) Epididymis and Vas Deferens c) Urethra d) Ejaculatory duct | b) Epididymis and Vas Deferens |
| What procedure involves severing the vas deferens to prevent sperm from traveling out of the body? a) Hysterectomy b) Tubal sterilization c) Circumcision d) Vasectomy | d) Vasectomy |
| Which accessory gland contributes alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins to the semen? a) Prostate gland b) Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s) c) Seminal vesicles d) Epididymis | c) Seminal vesicles |
| The clear, alkaline fluid that lubricates the urethra and glans and contains few, if any, sperm, is secreted by the: a) Prostate gland b) Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) c) Seminal vesicles d) Interstitial cells of Leydig | b) Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) |
| The condition known as Benign Hyperplastic Prostate (BHP), common in men over 50, causes which symptom? a) Penile cancer b) Retrograde ejaculation c) Frequent and difficult nighttime urination d) Sterility | c) Frequent and difficult nighttime urination |
| What is the function of the hydrolytic enzymes contained within the acrosome of the sperm head? a) Provide energy for motility b) Determine the sex of the offspring c) Break through the egg (oocyte) d) Bind to Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) | c) Break through the egg (oocyte) |
| Approximately how long does it take for a spermatogonia to develop into a mature sperm ready for release? a) 23 days b) 50 days c) 100 days d) One year | c) 100 days |
| In spermatogenesis, the primary spermatocyte is a diploid cell, while the secondary spermatocyte and spermatid are: a) Diploid b) Triploid c) Haploid d) Polar bodies | c) Haploid |
| Which hormone primarily stimulates the interstitial cells of Leydig to produce testosterone? a) FSH b) GnRH c) ABP d) LH | d) LH |
| Which supportive cell hormone, stimulated by FSH, makes sperm responsive to testosterone to help with spermatogenesis? a) Inhibin b) Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) c) Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) d) Prostaglandin | b) Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) |
| The inner lips that swell with blood during sexual excitation are the: a) Labia majora b) Mons pubis c) Labia minora d) Vestibule | c) Labia minora |
| The structure in the female external genitalia that contains 8,000 nerve fibers and is described as the only known organ whose sole function is pleasure is the: a) Vagina b) Clitoris c) Mons pubis d) Vestibule | b) Clitoris |
| The controversial cushion of tissue on the front wall of the vagina, sometimes related to female ejaculation, is called the: a) Cervix b) G spot (Gräfenberg spot) c) Hymen d) Vestibule | G spot (Gräfenberg spot) |
| The type of bacteria found in the vagina that generates lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide to keep the environment acidic and disinfect the area is: a) Trimethalamine b) Putrescine c) Lactobacteria d) Cadaverine | c) Lactobacteria |
| The inner lining of the uterus that develops to accept a fertilized egg and is shed during menstruation is the: a) Myometrium b) Perimetrium c) Endometrium d) Cervix | c) Endometrium |
| The removal of the uterus, an operation performed on about 1/3 of U.S. women by age 60, is called a: a) Vasectomy b) Clitoridectomy c) Hysterectomy d) Episiotomy | c) Hysterectomy |
| Which condition involves endometrial tissue detaching from the uterus and lodging in other areas where it bleeds during each menstrual cycle? a)Fibroids b)Cervical cancer c)Benign Hyperplastic Prostate d)Endometriosis | d) Endometriosis |
| The site where fertilization typically occurs is the: a) Uterus b) Ovaries c) Vagina d) Fallopian tubes (Oviducts) | d) Fallopian tubes (Oviducts) |
| Ovaries function as endocrine organs, primarily secreting which two hormones? a) Prostaglandins and ABP b) TST and DHT c) Estrogens and progesterone d) FSH and LH | c) Estrogens and progesterone |
| How many functional gametes (eggs) are produced from one oogonium (stem cell)? a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four | a) One |
| When does a female produce all the oogonia/primary oocytes she will ever have? a) During puberty b) From puberty onwards c) Before birth (prenatally) d) During the luteal phase | c) Before birth (prenatally) |
| The secondary oocyte is released during ovulation, but it is held in meiotic arrest until what event occurs? a) Menstruation b) LH surge c) Fertilization d) Completion of the follicular phase | c) Fertilization |
| The structure left behind after the oocyte is expelled (ovulation) that secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen is the: a) Primary follicle b) Polar body c) Graafian follicle d) Corpus luteum | d) Corpus luteum |
| Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the shedding of the endometrium and typically occurs on days 1–5? a) Follicular Phase b) Ovulation c) Luteal Phase d) Menstrual Phase | d) Menstrual Phase |
| What hormonal event is triggered by the peak secretion of estrogen during the follicular phase, leading immediately to ovulation? a) FSH surge b) Progesterone drop c) LH surge d) GnRH inhibition | c) LH surge |
| How do most sperm travel through the uterus toward the fallopian tubes? a) Primarily by flagella transport b) Primarily due to contractions in the uterus c) Primarily by following chemical signals d) They rest in the uterine cavity | b) Primarily due to contractions in the uterus |
| The solid ball of 16–64 cells formed within 72 hours of conception is called the: a) Zygote b) Blastocyst c) Morula d) Embryo | c) Morula |
| Which hormone is secreted by the developing embryo (blastocyst) to prolong the life of the corpus luteum until the placenta develops? a) FSH b) Estrogen c) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) d) Relaxin | c) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
| Which substance is generally unable to cross the placental membrane from the mother’s blood to the fetus’s blood? a) Oxygen b) Alcohol c) Maternal antibodies d) Bacteria | d) Bacteria |
| In the third trimester, the fetus gains significant weight (1 lb to 7.5 lbs). Which major physical change occurs in the fetus during the 8th month? a) Heart begins to beat b) External genitalia develop c) Testes descend d) Fingernails develop | c) Testes descend |
| A person with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency is an XY person who has male anatomy at birth but grows female genitalia during puberty | False |
| Males are considered more genetically related to their mother than their father. | True |
| Men are typically less sensitive to pain than women due to anatomical, hormonal, and environmental factors. | T |
| Testosterone exposure in male fetuses during the first trimester increases the growth of the right hemisphere of the brain and decreases the growth of the left hemisphere | T |
| Smegma is an alkaline fluid secreted by the prostate gland to neutralize vaginal acids. | F |
| The urethra in males has a dual function, carrying both sperm and urine | T |
| The prostate gland secretes mucus to lubricate the urethra and glans | F |
| Testicular cancer has a relatively low 5-year survival rate (around 50%). | F |
| Douching is recommended as it helps maintain the acidic pH level necessary for lactobacteria survival in the vagina | F |
| The cervix is the upper, wider portion of the uterus that holds the developing fetus. | F |
| In oogenesis, four functional ovum are produced from one stem cell. | F |
| The secondary oocyte is the smallest cell in the body, analogous to the size of sperm. | F |
| During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone and estrogen levels drop, providing positive feedback to the brain to increase FSH and LH. | F |
| The entire process of implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall takes up to a week. | T |
| Morning sickness is a common symptom in the second trimester, theorized to have an adaptive value. | F |
| Couvade is the term used to describe a pregnant woman's experience of swelling and varicose veins | F |
| Lightening occurs when the baby drops into the pelvic cavity, relieving pressure on the bladder | F |
| The first stage of childbirth (Labor) is divided into three stages: early labor, active labor, and transition. | T |
| An episiotomy is performed to prevent tearing of perineal tissues and is known to speed up recovery and healing. | F |
| List the four hormonal/ductal structures involved in causing the development of male internal and external reproductive anatomy in an XY fetus, and briefly state the role of each. | 1. SRY: Switches on to produce TDF. 2. TDF: Starts building the testes. 3. TST: Causes the development of male internal reproductive anatomy and masculinizes the body. 4. AMH: Makes the Mullerian duct structures wither away |
| List the three accessory glands that contribute secretions to semen, describe the main component contributed by each gland | Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Cowper's Gland |
| Describe the pathway that sperm travels from its site of production until it leaves the body (the "seven-up" path). | Seminiferous tubules (where sperm are produced by meiosis, aided by Sertoli cells) → Epididymis (where sperm mature and are stored) → Vas deferens (pathway and storage site) → Ejaculatory duct (passes through prostate) → Urethra |
| Outline the hormonal changes involving Estrogen, FSH, and LH during the Follicular phase (Days 6–13) of the menstrual cycle. | Low Estrogen leads to + GnRH, + FSH. FSH stimulates maturation and growth of follicles. maturing follicle secrete Estrogen, endometrium thicken. Estrogen has - feedback to hypothalamus, inhibits FSH. 5. High levels of Estrogen cause a surge of LH |
| What are the three stages of childbirth | Labor Expulsion of Fetus Expulsion of Placenta |
| what is the primary event that defines the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2? | full dilation of the cervix (10 cm) |
| For those with XY chromosomes what does the hormone do prenatal: Testosterone | Causes development of male internal reproductive anatomy |
| For those with XY chromosomes what does the hormone do prenatal: DHT | Causes development of penis and scrotum |
| For those with XY chromosomes what does the hormone do prenatal: AMH | Stop development of ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes |
| For those with XY chromosomes what does the hormone do prenatal: 5-a reductase | Converts testosterone into DHT |
| T or F: To develop female external genitalia, a person must have 2 X chromosomes | False |
| T or F: Sperm die faster at 98 degrees | True |
| T or F: For every 100 females, there are 120 males conceived but only 105 males born | T |
| T or F: Males have a faster heart rate | F |
| T or F: Women have a higher metabolic rate | F |
| T or F: Women are more prone to gall bladder disease | T |
| T or F: All else being equal, women get more drunk on the same amount of alcohol than men do | T |
| T or F: Women have a stronger sense of smell | T |
| T or F: Men are more sensitive to pain | F |
| T or F: Women have more cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | F |
| What is the Seminiferous tubules primarily used for | sperm production |
| What is the Acrosome primarily used for | Contains hydrolytic enzyme to help the sperm penetrate the egg |
| What is the Sertoli Cells primarily used for | Support cells for sperm production |
| What is the Cells of Leydig primarily used for | Secrete TST |
| What is the Epididymis primarily used for | Sperm mature and learn to swim |
| What is the Prostate gland primarily used for | Produces about 30% of seminal fluid |
| What is the urethra primarily used for | Carries both semen urine |
| What is the Spermatogonia primarily used for | Undifferentiated stem cells |
| What is the Spermatid primarily used for | Immature sperm cell with 23 chromosomes |
| What is the vulva | External female genitalia |
| What is the clitoris | Only part of the human anatomy whose only function is pleasure |
| What is the perineum | skin between vagina and uterus |
| What is the uterus used for | holds developing fetus |
| What are the ovaries used for | produce oocytes and hormones |
| What is the fallopian tubes primarily used for | site of fertilization |
| T or F: A woman has all the secondary oocytes she'll ever have before she's born | F |
| T or F: Primary oocytes have 23 chromosome | F |
| T or F: Primary oocytes start meiosis 1 before birth and then are held in meiotic arrest | T |
| T or F: Fertilization of a polar body results in an ectopic pregnancy | F |
| T or F: Each spermatogonia makes 4 sperm but each oogonia only produces 1 egg | T |
| What happens days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle | Menstrual phase |
| What part of the menstrual cycle is estrogen levels the highest | Follicular phase |
| When is the endometrial lining shed during the menstrual cycle | Menstrual phase |
| What happens during days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle | Luteal phase |
| When is the primary oocyte release from the ovary | Never |
| What part of the menstrual cycle is progesterone levels the highest | Luteal phase |
| What phase of the menstrual cycle is triggered by LH | Ovulation |
| What phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum develop | Luteal phase |
| What phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium begin to build and develop follicles | Follicular phase |
| T or F: The fertilized egg implants in the uterus approximately 12 hours after fertilization | F |
| T or F: Weeks 3-8 are the embryonic stage | T |
| T or F: The fetus implants in the uterus around day 3 | F |
| T or F: Blood from the mother enters the baby's body through the placenta | F |
| T or F: Braxton Hicks contracts dilate the cervix | F |
| Which of the following happens during the first stage of childbirth? The cervix dilates The baby is expelled Oxytocin levels are low The placenta is expelled | The cervix dilates |
| Is the oogonium haploid or diploid | diploid |
| Is the primary oocyte haploid or diploid | diploid |
| Is the secondary oocyte haploid or diploid | haploid |
| Is the ovum haploid or diploid | haploid |
| What does SRY do in males | testes develop |
| What hormones are released when testes develop (in fetus) | TST and AMH |
| What does TST become with 5-alpha-reductase | DHT |
| What does TST do to a fetus | Causes development of internal male reproductive anatomy |
| What does DHT do to a fetus | causes penis and scrotum to grow |
| What does AMH do to a male fetus | causes female internal structures to degrade |
| What is the pH of the semen | alkaline |
Created by:
Kayla_K