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STEM Biology Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Monomer | Single subunit, what builds a macromolecule |
| Polymer | Many subunits, AKA macromolecule |
| Macromolecule | Large molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together |
| Carbohydrate | compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom |
| Monosaccharide | single sugar Ex: glucose |
| Disaccharide | two sugars Ex: sucrose |
| Polysaccharide | many sugars Ex: starch |
| Cellulose | Polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants |
| Chitin | Polysaccharide found in cell walls of fungi |
| Glycogen | Polysaccharide that is used for energy storage in animals. Found in liver and skeleton muscles |
| Sucrose | Disaccharide formed from linking glucose and fructose together, AKA table sugar |
| Fructose | Monosaccharide, found in fruit juice |
| Lipid | Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen, with some oxygen. Fats, oils, and waxes |
| Fatty Acid | Monomer of Lipid |
| Glycerol | Monomer of Lipid, alcohol |
| phospholipid | makes up cell membrane consists of 1 glycerol, phosphate, and 2 fatty acid tails |
| triglyceride | Fat, 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails |
| saturated | unhealthier fat, single covalent bonds in fatty acid tail |
| unsaturated | healthier fat, double or triple covalent bonds in fatty acid tail |
| Peptide bond | bond that joins 2 amino acids together to make protein |
| Dehydration synthesis | Removing water to link 2 monomers together, creates polymer |
| hydrolysis | Adding water to break apart a large polymer to two smaller monomers |
| catalyst | AKA Enzyme. Used to lower activation energy and increase reaction rate |
| activation energy | energy needed to start a chemical reaction, used to destabilize chemical bonds |
| cofactor | Things like copper or zinc that increases enzyme's activity, binds to active site |
| activator | Promotes enzyme activity |
| inhibitor | Prevents substrate from attaching to enzyme's active site, decreases enzyme activity |
| products | End material, what the substrate is changed into |
| Enzyme-substrate complex | When substrate is bound to enzyme's active site, chemical changes occur |
| Substrate | Reactant or starting material, attaches to active site of enzyme |
| Enzyme | Protein that lowers activation energy, making reaction faster |
| ATP | Nucleic acid that is energy currency of cell, Adenosine Triphosphate |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, helps build proteins |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material |
| nucleic acid | Store and transmit genetic information |
| nucleotide | consists of phosphate, nitrogen base, and 5 carbon sugar, monomer of nucleic acids |
| keratin | protein that makes up nails and hair |
| collagen | protein that makes up tissues of body |
| amino acid | monomer of protein |
| protein | Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| cladogram | diagram with branches that represents the hypothesized phylogeny or evolution of a species or group; uses bioinformatics, morphological studies, and information from DNA studies |
| cladistics | taxonomic method that models evolutionary relationships based on shared derived characters and phylogenetic trees |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species |
| domain | taxonomic group of one or more kingdoms |
| kingdom | taxonomic group of related phyla or divisions. |
| division | taxonomic term used instead of Phylum to group related class of plants and and bacteria |
| phylum/phyla | taxonomic group of related classes |
| class | taxonomic group that contains one or more related orders |
| order | taxonomic group that contains related families |
| family | taxonomic group of similar, related genera that is smaller than an order and larger than a genus |
| genus | taxonomic group of closely related species with a common ancestor |
| taxon | named group of organisms, such as phylum, genus, or species |
| binomial system of nomenclature | Linnaeus's system of naming organisms, which gives a scientific two word Latin name to each species, the first part is the genus name and the second is the specific epithet |
| taxonomy | branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species based on their natural relationships |
Created by:
kellylmoore