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chapter 3 anat/physi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Protection | The skin covers the body and serves as a physical barrier that shields underlying tissues from physical damage, ultraviolet rays, and pathogens. It also prevents dehydration by keeping body fluids inside. |
| Body Temperature Maintenance | The skin helps regulate internal temperature through sweat glands, which secrete perspiration to cool the body. |
| Excretion | During perspiration, sweat glands remove small amounts of waste—mainly water, salt, and organic compounds—from the body. |
| Perception of Stimuli | the skin contains numerous nerve endings and receptors that sense touch, temperature, pressure, and pain. Touch receptors are located closer to the surface (epidermis), while pressure receptors lie deeper in the dermis. |
| Epidermis | The outermost layer of the skin made up of densely packed epithelial cells that protect the body. |
| Epithelial Tissue | Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines internal organs and cavities. |
| Mucous Membrane | A specialized epithelial tissue that lines body cavities opening to the outside world, such as the nasal passages. |
| Keratin | A fibrous, water-repellent protein; soft keratin is found in the skin, and hard keratin forms hair and nails. |
| Melanocytes | Special cells in the epidermis that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color and UV protection. |
| Melanin | A dark brown-to-black pigment that gives skin its color and protects it from ultraviolet radiation. |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | The outer layer of the epidermis composed of flat, scaly cells that are continuously shed and replaced. |
| Basal Layer | The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells grow and push older cells to the surface. |
| Dermis (Corium) | The layer of skin directly below the epidermis; made up of connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, and sebaceous and sweat glands. |
| Sebaceous Glands | Tiny glands in the skin that secrete sebum, an oily substance, into hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair. |
| Sebum | An oily substance produced by sebaceous glands that helps keep the skin and hair soft, smooth, and waterproof. |
| Hair Follicles | Tiny secretory cavities in the dermis from which hair grows. |
| Collagen | A strong, fibrous protein found in skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments; provides skin with shape, strength, and elasticity. |
| Connective Tissue | Tissue that supports, connects, and protects structures in the body; in the dermis, it gives skin strength and flexibility. |
| Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis) | The deepest layer of the skin located below the dermis; connects the skin to surface muscles. |
| Lipocytes | Fat cells found in the subcutaneous layer that manufacture and store fat. |
| Function of Subcutaneous Layer | Provides heat insulation and protects deeper tissues of the body. |
| Gland | A cell or group of cells that secretes specific substances either within or out of the body. |
| Sebaceous Glands | :Located in the dermis over the entire body except the palms and soles; secrete sebum into hair follicles. |
| Sebum | An oily substance containing lipids; lubricates skin, minimizes water loss, and is slightly acidic to discourage bacterial growth. |
| Lipids | Organic compounds (fats) that are greasy to the touch, insoluble in water, and help lubricate the skin. |
| Sweat Glands | Tiny, coiled glands in the dermis found on almost all body surfaces; extend through the epidermis and open at pores. |
| Sweat (Perspiration) | Contains 99% water and 1% salt and metabolic waste; colorless and odorless until it interacts with bacteria, which causes odor. |
| Function of Sweat | Cools the body as it evaporates from the skin. |
| Hair | Fibers made of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin; grows from a root in a follicle. |
| Hair Follicle | The structure in the dermis from which each hair strand grows. |
| Melanocytes in Hair | Cells surrounding the hair shaft core that determine hair color. |
| Arrector Pili | Bundles of small muscle fibers attached to hair follicles; contract when cold or frightened, causing hair to stand up (goose bumps). |
| Nails | Accessory organs of the skin made of hard keratin; protect the dorsal surface of fingers and toes. |
| Nail Plate (Nail Body) | The hard, translucent part of the nail closely molded to the underlying tissue. |
| Cuticle | A narrow band of epidermal tissue attached to the base and sides of the nail plate. |
| Nail Root | The area of the dermis on which the nail rests; fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin. |
| Lunula | The semilunar (half-moon-shaped), white area at the proximal end of the nail, usually most prominent on the thumbnail. |
Created by:
ush