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Anatomy Unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How much blood gets pumped throughout the body each day | 7000 liters |
| the human heart contracts about | 3 billion times in the average lifetime. |
| Blood circulates entire body in | 1 minute |
| Pulmonary | refers to lungs |
| systematic | refers to blood traveling around entire body. |
| cardiac, cardio, candial | refers to the heart |
| what is a blood vessel | arteries, veins, capillaries |
| arteries | blood vessel that takes blood away from heart, |
| veins | blood vessel that takes blood to the heart |
| visceral (organ) pericardium | membrane that surrounds the heart |
| parietal (walls) pericardium | membrane on the walls surrounding the heart |
| pericardial cavity (hollow space) | space between the heart + walls space between the above two membranes |
| blood supply to heart wall | heart is a huge muscle all muscles need blood to survive (blood carries oxygen) thus, heart needs blood |
| coronary arteries | blood vessels that take oxygenated blood to help wall (away from inside of her heart) |
| Coronary veins | blood vessels that take DEoxygenated blood away from the heart wall, back to the inside of the heart |
| heart size varies with | body size |
| base | top of the heart |
| Apex | bottom of the heart |
| interventricular sulcus. | between ventricles |
| auricles | ear like flaps of either side of atrium |
| wall of the heart | 3 distinct layers, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| epicardium | most superficial will of the heart |
| myocardium | middle layer of the wall heart |
| endocardium | deepest layer |
| heart has _ chambers and they are | 4 chambers 2 atriums (right and left) 2 ventricles (right and left) |
| atrium | 2 upper chambers (right and left) smaller (than ventricles), thin walls of muscle |
| ventricles | 2 lower chambers (right and left) larger (than atrium) thick wall of a muscle left ventricle = thick. |
| blood vessels attach to atriums | superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins |
| superior + inferior vena cava's both | leads to right atrium |
| pulmonary veins | lead to left atrium |
| blood vessels attached to ventricles | -aorta - pulmonary artery |
| aorta | become arteries left ventricle, blood gets pumped of of this vessel to the body |
| pulmonary artery | right ventricle vessel for blood getting pumped to the lungs. |
| valves | a devise that regulates the flow of fluids. 2 types in human heart (A-V + semilunar) |
| A-V (atrioventricular) calues | tricuspid value, + bicuspid valve (mitral value) |
| tricuspid value | between right atrium and right ventricke 3 leaflets |
| Bicuspid valve (mitral valve) | between left atrium + left ventricle two leaflets, |
| chordae tendinae | attached to each value |
| papillary muscles | muscles that attach to chordae tendinae |
| semilunar valves | pulmonary valve and aortic valve |
| pulmonary valve | base of pulmonary artery. Prevents backflow |
| Aortic Valve | at base of aorta prevents backflow. |
| Septum | = wall, interatrial septum and interventricular septum. |
| interatrial septums | separates the right and left atrium |
| interventicular septum | structure that separates the right and left ventricles |
| there is always ___ and ___ in all of your blood vessels and always in your body | carbon dioxide and oxygen |
| oxygenated blood | blood that is oxygen rich. in other words, it has a lot of oxygen and a little oxygen |
| Deoxygenated blood | blood that is carbon dioxide rich. in other words, has a lot of carbon dioxide, and little oxygen. |
| VAVALVAVA | V - Vena Cava A - Right Atrium (tricuspid valve) V - right ventricle (pulmonary valve) A - Pulmonary Artery L- Lungs V - Pulmonary Vein A - Left Atrium (bicuspid valve) A - aorta |
| Deoxygenated blood enters through the | Superior and Inferior Vena Cavas - Superior Vena Cava brings blood to the heart from upper half of the body - inferior vena cava brings blood to the heart from the lower half of the body |
| From superior and inferiors Cavas, deoxygenated blood travels to | the right atrium |
| After the right atrium, deoxygenated blood goes | through the tricuspid valve, to the right ventricle |
| Tricuspid valve | prevents backflow to right atrium (prevents blood to come back to right atrium by closing) |
| After right ventricle, deoxygenated blood goes through pulmonary valve to | pulmonary artery |
| pulmonary valve | prevents backflow to the right ventricle, (prevents blood from coming back to right ventricle by closing) |
| After pulmonary artery, deoxygenated blood travels through | lungs: carbon dioxide leaves the blood and goes into the lungs to be exhaled and inhaled oxygen enters the blood. THE BLOOD IS NOW OXYGENATED. |
| pulmonary veins | oxygenated blood travels to the heart in pulmonary veins |
| All arteries are not | red |
| All veins are not | blue |
| After pulmonary veins, oxygenated blood enters | the left atrium |
| After left atrium, oxygenated blood enters | the left ventricle; goes through bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Left ventricle has huge muscle wall because it must pump blood out to the entire body! |
| Bicuspid Valve | prevents backflow to left atrium, (prevents blood from flowing back to left atrium by closing) |
| Aortic Valve | prevents backflow to right ventricle (prevents blood from flowing back to aortic valve by closing) |
| After the Bicuspid valve the oxygenated blood travels to | the aortic valve, and then to the Aorta |
| Valves A-V open when | papillary muscles |
| the semilunar valves open by | pressure from the blood when the ventricles contract |
| general arteries | - take blood away from the heart - aorta is the largest artery in the body |
| General capillaries | - EXCHANGE occurs at capillaries (things can enter into the blood and leave the blood) - Arteries turn into capillaries at organs - Capillaries wrap around organs of the body where exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrients/wastes occur |
| general veins | - veins lead blood TO the heart - capillaries turn into veins to bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart - all veins eventually lead into the superior and Inferior Vena cavas |
| Superior + Inferior Vena Cavas in general veins | - Superior vena cava brings blood TO the heart from the upper half of the body -inferior vena cava brings blood TO the heart from the lower half of the body |
| Circuits | a path that is repeated |
| pulmonary circuit | sends deoxygenated blood to lungs to get oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. Consists of: Pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins |
| Systematic circuit | sends oxygenated blood to the body organs and removes wastes (carbon dioxide) consists of: Aorta, general arteries, general capillaries, general veins, superior/inferior vena cava |
| Blood Vessels are the ___ of cardiovascular system | organs |
| Blood vessels include and do | Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules Carry blood to the heart |
| Arteries | - Strong and most elastic vessles - Carry blood away from heart with high blood pressure |
| Arterioles | Arteries that are subdivided into smaller, thinner finer branches tubes second highest pressure |
| Arteries have how many walls | 3 |
| Artery Inner Layer | smooth surface which allows blood cells and platelets to flow without damage |
| Artery Middle Layer | Arterial wall of smooth muscle which contracts and shrinks blood vessel when necessary |
| Artery Outer Layer | connective tissue |
| Diameter of arteries change because of | symphatic nervous system (fight/flight response) middle layer of smooth muscle contracts |
| Vasoconstriction | reduce diameter, increases blood pressure |
| Vasodilation | increases diameter, decreases blood pressure |
| Capillaries | - smallest diameter blood vessels - connects arterioles to venules - walls are thin in order for substances to pass through - Blood moves the slowest here - Wrap around organs to exchange with them |
| Capillaries exchange | Gases - O2 to CO2 Nutrients: carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals Water to waste |
| Precapillary sphincter | Arterioles have these on them - Constrict to allow less blood to flow to an area, or vice versa |
| Sphincter | round smooth muscle that contracts, involuntary |
| Veins | - carry blood to the heart - follow pathways that roughly parallel the arteries of the body -thinner walls than arteries |
| Venules | small, fine, blood vessels that branch off from capillaries and lead to veins |
| valves | - many veins have them, composed of two leaftlets - pushed close if blood begins to back up to a vein - help return blood to heart - Veins have the lowest pressure so they control the flow of the blood back the heart so that there is not a back up |
| Major arteries | Aorta Abdominal Aorta Carotid Brachial Femoral |
| Major veins | - superior vena cava - inferior vena cava |
| Heart contractions | - Contract in coordinated fashion - Atriums first, then ventricles - Contracting section is called Systole - Resting section is called Diastole |
| Cardiac Cycle | 1. Atrial Systole 2. Ventricular Diastole 3. Ventricular Systole 4. Atrial Diastole |
| During Ventricular diastole/atrial systole the valves are | Both atrium contract and push blood to the ventricles through the A-V valves (tricuspid/bicuspid) - A-V valves open - Semilunar valves closed |
| During Ventricular systole/atrial diastole | Both ventricles contract and push blood through the semilunar valves to the aorta and pulmonary artery - A-V valves closed - Semilunar valves open |
| Lubb | |
| Dubb | Ventricular Diastole - Semilunar valves are closing |
| Cardiac Conduction System | Areas of the heart which initiate and distribute impulses through the heart which leads to a cardiac cycle (heartbeat) |
| Your heart is run by | electricity, just like your nerves |
| How does the cardiac Conduction system work? | - an impulse is sent through your heart, in order to tell your heart how to beat - Special muscle fibers in your heart coordinate this |
| S-A Node (sinoatrial node) | - A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle - Located in the right atrium, superior region of the atrium - Electrical impulse begins at the S-A node - S-A node is the pacemaker |
| A-V node (atrioventricular node) | - Small mass of specialized cardiac muscle - Located in right atrium, inferior region of atrium - Provides conduction pathway for impulse to get from atrium to ventricles |
| Atrial contraction | 1. S-A node initiates an impulse for the heart to beat 2. Impulses are sent down right and left atrium imitating them to contract almost simultaneously 3. Impulse arrives at A-V node |
| Ventricular contraction | 1. Impulse sent down interventricular septum 2. Impulse then sent to right and left ventricle walls imitating them to contract 3. Ventricles contract as a unit |
| Purkinje fibers | Specialized fibers in the ventricles that allow the electricity to flow through them |
| Fibrillation | - Small areas of the myocardium (heart muscle) contract in an uncoordinated chaotic fashion - Atrial fibrillation is not fatal, but ventricular fibrillation is - Why A-V node is your backup pacemaker (for survival) |
| Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) | - A recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium (heart muscle) during a cardiac cycle (heartbeat) - Used to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats - Has nothing to do with valves |
| Beginning of EKG | - S-A node triggers a cardiac impulse which is an electrical charge throughout heart - When heart at rest, electricity is polarized (straight line) |
| P wave | Atrial chambers - Depolarize - Systole (contract) |
| QRS complex | Ventricular chambers - depolarize - Systole (contract) - Walls of ventricle are thicker than atrium, so electrical change higher Atrial Chambers: - Repolarize - Diastole (rest) |
| T wave | Ventricular chambers - Repolarize - Diastole (relax) |
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | (fall out of place) - When Bicuspid valve leaflets bulge up into atrium during Ventricular contraction - Leads to pain, palpitations, fatigue, anxiety |
| Arrhythmias | - Disorder of heart rate (pulse) - Tachycardias (too fast) - Bradycardias (too slow) |
| Blood Pressure | the force the blood experts against the inner walls of the blood vessels |
| Pressure is taken | Arteries; because pressure is highest in the arteries |
| Arterial Blood pressure | rises and falls in the pattern of the cardiac cycle |
| What happens to Arterial blood pressure when ventricles contract (ventricular systole) | blood pressure is high |
| What happens to Arterial blood pressure when ventricles are at rest (ventricular diastole) | blood pressure is low |
| Systolic Pressure | maximum pressure in Arteries during Ventricular contraction |
| Diastolic Pressure | minimum pressure in Arteries when ventricles are relaxed |
| Normal Blood Pressure | 120/80 |
| Increase Blood Pressure | - Increased blood viscosity - Increased blood volume - Decreased Arterial vessel radius - Increased strength of ventricular constriction |
| Decrease Pressure | - Dehydration - Decreased heart rate - Decreased resistance - Vasodilation |
| Cardiac Output | - Volume of blood discharged per minute |
| Stroke Volume | Volume of blood discharged from the ventricle with each contraction is called |
| Cardiac Output Equation | Q = SV x HR |
| Average Cardiac Output | SV = 70 ml HR = 72 b/m Q = 70x72 = 5040 ml/min = 5 liters/min |
| Training | increase in SV, decrease in HR |
| When you train your heart, it gets stronger pushing out more blood than it used to meaning, | Your heart does not have to work as hard. Live longer, better life! |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822