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Stack #4534485
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| --- Chapter 5 | The Integumentary System --- |
| What are the general layers of the skin? | Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep)? | Stratum corneum, lucidum (only in thick skin), granulosum, spinosum, basale |
| Function of the epidermis? | Protection, waterproofing, barrier to pathogens and UV light |
| Structure and function of the dermis? | Dense connective tissue; contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, sensory receptors; provides strength and elasticity |
| Where is the hypodermis located and what is it made of? | Below dermis; loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) |
| Structure and growth of hair? | Grows from hair follicle; keratinized cells; growth from bulb in dermis |
| Structure and growth of nails? | Keratinized plates from nail matrix; grow from nail root |
| Two types of skin glands and their functions? | Sebaceous (oil) – lubricates skin/hair; Sweat (sudoriferous) – cools body and removes waste |
| Six major functions of the skin? | Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis, immune defense |
| What is hyperthermia? | Body temperature too high; sweating and vasodilation |
| What is hypothermia? | Body temperature too low; shivering and vasoconstriction |
| Three types of skin cancer? | Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma (least curable) |
| What is the ABCDE rule? | Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving |
| Steps in skin wound healing? | Hemostasis → Inflammation → Proliferation → Remodeling |
| Four types of burns (by depth)? | 1st – epidermis; 2nd – epidermis & dermis; 3rd – full thickness; 4th – into bone/muscle |
| How does the integumentary system maintain homeostasis? | Regulates temperature, protects organs, prevents dehydration, synthesizes vitamin D |
| --- Chapter 6 | The Skeletal System --- |
| Five functions of the skeleton? | Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production |
| Five types of bones by shape? | Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid |
| Anatomy of a long bone? | Diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), periosteum, medullary cavity |
| Compact vs spongy bone? | Compact – dense, outer layer; Spongy – porous, contains red marrow |
| Four types of bone cells? | Osteoblasts (build), osteocytes (maintain), osteoclasts (break down), osteogenic cells (stem cells) |
| Bone development/growth term? | Ossification (intramembranous and endochondral) |
| Axial vs appendicular skeleton? | Axial – skull, vertebral column, ribs; Appendicular – limbs, girdles |
| What are sutures? | Immovable joints between skull bones |
| Function of hyoid bone? | Supports tongue, aids swallowing |
| Vertebral column parts? | Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum, coccyx |
| Two types of ribs? | True (attach to sternum), false (indirect or floating) |
| Pectoral girdle bones? | Clavicle and scapula |
| Upper limb bones? | Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges |
| Lower limb bones? | Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
| Pelvic girdle bones? | Ilium, ischium, pubis |
| Male vs female pelvis? | Female – wider, shallower; Male – narrower, deeper |
| Joint classification by structure? | Fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (slightly movable), synovial (freely movable) |
| Structure of knee joint? | Synovial hinge joint; ligaments, cartilage, synovial fluid |
| Types of synovial joints? | Hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, saddle, condyloid, gliding |
| What causes joint damage/degeneration? | Overuse, aging, injury, arthritis |
| Six ways skeleton helps homeostasis? | Produces blood cells, stores minerals, protects organs, supports muscles, allows movement, regulates calcium |
| --- Chapter 7 | The Muscular System --- |
| Three types of muscle and locations? | Skeletal (attached to bones), Cardiac (heart), Smooth (organs/vessels) |
| Connective tissues of skeletal muscle? | Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium |
| Five functions of skeletal muscles? | Movement, posture, heat production, support, guards openings |
| Cardiac muscle fiber characteristics? | Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs |
| Smooth muscle fiber characteristics? | Non-striated, involuntary, spindle-shaped |
| Structure of a muscle fiber? | Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, SR, T-tubules, sarcomeres (I, A, H bands), actin & myosin |
| Steps in muscle contraction? | Nerve signal → ACh release → Ca²⁺ release → Cross-bridge formation → Power stroke → Relaxation |
| Role of ACh, Ca²⁺, and ATP? | ACh triggers impulse; Ca²⁺ enables actin-myosin binding; ATP powers contraction and detachment |
| How is ATP made for muscle contraction? | Creatine phosphate, cellular respiration, fermentation |
| What happens with low oxygen in muscles? | Lactic acid builds up → fatigue |
| What is tetany? | Sustained muscle contraction without relaxation |
| Slow-, intermediate-, fast-twitch differences? | Slow – endurance; Intermediate – moderate; Fast – power/speed |
| Muscular system aging changes? | Muscle mass & strength decrease; slower recovery |
| How muscles maintain homeostasis? | Produce heat, move body, support posture, assist circulation |
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