Question 1

Self-determination:

Accepted Answer

Each polis (city-state) governed itself independently.

Question 2

Agora:

Accepted Answer

Central space for discussion, politics, and trade.

Question 3

Governments

Accepted Answer

Democracy (Isonomia = equality before the law), Oligarchy (rule by few wealthy),
Tyranny (rule seized by one).

Question 4

Citizenship:

Accepted Answer

Adult males with two citizen parents; women not citizens (oikos life). Metics = resident
foreigners.

Question 5

Key Cities:

Accepted Answer

Athens (democracy, Athena) & Corinth (oligarchy, Hera).

Question 6

Homer’s Iliad:

Accepted Answer

Epic about the Trojan War; explores heroism, fate, mortality.

Question 7

Achilleus:

Accepted Answer

Hero who brings glory and pain.

Question 8

Agonism:

Accepted Answer

Competitive spirit in Greek life. Competition as a core of Greek life—seen in courts, festivals, war, intellectual debate, and
liturgies.

Question 9

Antithesis:

Accepted Answer

Thinking in opposites (peace/war).

Question 10

Reciprocity:

Accepted Answer

Exchange of favors or revenge to maintain balance. Help your philos (friends) and harm your ekhthros (enemies). Justice = balance of return.

Question 11

Athene:

Accepted Answer

Goddess of wisdom/war; Hephaistos: craftsman god.

Question 12

Achilleus’ shield:

Accepted Answer

Symbolizes the cosmos and human society.

Question 13

Ekhthros:

Accepted Answer

Personal enemy; must avenge harms done to you or your allies..

Question 14

Philia:

Accepted Answer

Bonds of friendship and kinship; some more philos than others.

Question 15

Solon:

Accepted Answer

Lawgiver who limited extreme competition (e.g., extravagant funerals).

Question 16

Oikos:

Accepted Answer

Household unit—family, property, religion.

Question 17

Life:

Accepted Answer

Mostly farming in Attica; debates and contests central to civic life.

Question 18

Time =

Accepted Answer

honour

Question 19

Aidos =

Accepted Answer

shame

Question 20

Liturgies:

Accepted Answer

Rich citizens funded festivals and competed for prestige.

Question 21

Sophrosune =

Accepted Answer

self-control.

Question 22

What defines the human world occurring to the Iliad

Accepted Answer

Mortality (death and grief), Fate (inescapable destiny), Community (shared mourning and bonds), Human society (shown in the shield’s images), Technology, joy and suffering, their gods and myths, peace vs war, youth/ birth.

Question 23

What activities are characteristic of cities, according to the Iliad

Accepted Answer

City at Peace (weddings, music, dancing, and law courts) vs. City at War (siege, ambush, and armed defence)

Question 24

What activities are characteristic of the countryside, according to the Iliad

Accepted Answer

The countryside is characterized by ploughing, harvesting, wine-making, and caring for animals such as cattle and sheep. labour

Question 25

In 451

Accepted Answer

they changed so that both of your parents had to be an citizen

Question 26

What values were opposed to agonism in Athenian society

Accepted Answer

Socrates sees law as a sacred moral order that binds citizens together in justice. To break the law unjustly would harm the entire city

Question 27

How did agonism manifest itself in Athenian society

Accepted Answer

The courts, all the religious festivals(athletic, chorus, drama), war, intellectual assembly, liturgies, homoerotic relations

Question 28

Archaic period - 900 - 500 BC

Accepted Answer

this is when the polis starts to form

Question 29

Liminal

Accepted Answer

boundary between the wild and the human(Artemis controls the wild places ( humans don’t go there))

Question 30

Philos/ philoi

Accepted Answer

your personal friend ( your very own people)
My siblings, parents, children, spouse, and maybe aunts/unc/cousins, my friends

Question 31

Polis -

Accepted Answer

the forditfed center of athens

Question 32

sparte/ sparta -

Accepted Answer

a city state that was trained for war

Question 33

What does Socrates think law is

Accepted Answer

Socrates sees law as a sacred moral order that binds citizens together in justice. To break the law unjustly would harm the entire city

Question 34

What does Socrates think about honour and shame?

Accepted Answer

honour is found in virtue and moral integrity, not in fame or success. Shame should be felt only for doing wrong, not for being poor, mocked, or even condemned to death.

Question 35

What does Socrates think the nature of his relationship with the polis atheans

Accepted Answer

Socrates believes his relationship with Athens is like that of a child to a parent — one of gratitude, loyalty, and duty. Even when wronged, he chooses to obey its laws rather than destroy the moral bond between citizen and state.

Question 36

Logos

Accepted Answer

a story, and argument , etc

Question 37

The Athenians had two different ways to execute people

Accepted Answer

if you were a killer- would be strangled to death, any other crime you would to given poison ( hemlock)

Question 38

Socrates

Accepted Answer

s (469–399 BCE): Hoplite soldier, teacher, married with two sons. Executed for asebeia
(impiety) and corrupting youth.

Question 39

Thessaly

Accepted Answer

is more like a monarchy ( rulers and subjects) ( where Crito wanted socrates to run away too)

Question 40

Dike

Accepted Answer

the word for justice

Question 41

Plato

Accepted Answer

Wealthy philosopher, student of Socrates; self-concealing writer who expresses ideas through
dialogue.

Question 42

What was the relationship between Athens and Sparte like up to 480/79

Accepted Answer

cooperation during the Persian Wars and growing rivalry

Question 43

What was the role of the clan/ tribe during the time 508/7

Accepted Answer

transformed the role of traditional clans and tribes in Athens by replacing the old family-based system with a new one based on geography (demes) and artificial tribal units (phylai).

Question 44

What step towards democracy in Athens

Accepted Answer

Athens moved toward democracy through a series of reforms that limited aristocratic power, expanded citizen rights, and increased participation in government.

Question 45

What role did Athenian imperialism play in starting the Peloponnesian War?

Accepted Answer

Athenian imperialism—its expansion, control, and aggression—created resentment and fear among other Greek city-states. Sparta and its allies saw war as the only way to stop Athenian dominance.

Question 46

How did the Athenians use the Delian League's power and influence

Accepted Answer

Athens used the Delian League’s power and influence to build an empire, enrich its city, and dominate the Greek world.

Question 47

How did the growing power of Athens benefit average Athenian citizens

Accepted Answer

greatly benefited ordinary citizens by providing jobs, income, and political participation.

Question 48

Delian League (478 BCE)

Accepted Answer

Formed on Delos (temple of Apollo). Athens dominated; small cities paid
cash. Treasury later moved to Athens (454 BCE).

Question 49

Persian Wars

Accepted Answer

: Marathon (490 BCE), Xerxes’ invasion (480–479 BCE). Greeks united (Athens + Sparta)
and won.

Question 50

Themistokles

Accepted Answer

: Merchant-class leader; built navy; ostracized 472 BCE

Question 51

Sparta

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian; rich landowners = citizens; helots = enslaved farmers

Question 52

Ostracism

Accepted Answer

10-year exile vote on pottery shards.

Question 53

Education

Accepted Answer

Boys learned literacy, training, music; girls domestic skills.

Question 54

Aristophanes

Accepted Answer

(457–385 BCE): Comic playwright; mocked new intellectual trends.

Question 55

The Clouds (423 BCE)

Accepted Answer

Satirized Socrates and Sophists

Question 56

Strepsiades

Accepted Answer

Debt-ridden man who blames family, burns Socrates’ Thinkery.

Question 57

Pheidippides

Accepted Answer

Son who abuses rhetoric for selfish power.

Question 58

Sophists

Accepted Answer

Teachers of persuasion over truth

Question 59

War context:

Accepted Answer

431 BCE war begins; 430 plague; 421 Peace of Nikias.

Question 60

Comedy

Accepted Answer

Chorus = 24 men/boys; comic hero ends with celebration.

Question 61

How did Athens protect legitimate citizenship and property ownership

Accepted Answer

Marriage, the prime purpose of marriage was to have legitimate children

Question 62

What did Athenian social life teach boys about masculinity

Accepted Answer

Masculinity was measured by how well a man served his city, controlled himself, and proved his excellence in the eyes of others.

Question 63

Compare Socrates in clouds and crito

Accepted Answer

clouds -a man who plays with words and neglects real morality.
crito - moral hero, who refuses to compromise his principles, even at the cost of his life.

Question 64

What led to the signing of the truce in 421

Accepted Answer

It happened because both Athens and Sparta were exhausted and wanted a break after years of devastating conflict.

Question	Answer
Self-determination:	Each polis (city-state) governed itself independently.
Agora:	Central space for discussion, politics, and trade.
Governments	Democracy (Isonomia = equality before the law), Oligarchy (rule by few wealthy), Tyranny (rule seized by one).
Citizenship:	Adult males with two citizen parents; women not citizens (oikos life). Metics = resident foreigners.
Key Cities:	Athens (democracy, Athena) & Corinth (oligarchy, Hera).
Homer’s Iliad:	Epic about the Trojan War; explores heroism, fate, mortality.
Achilleus:	Hero who brings glory and pain.
Agonism:	Competitive spirit in Greek life. Competition as a core of Greek life—seen in courts, festivals, war, intellectual debate, and liturgies.
Antithesis:	Thinking in opposites (peace/war).
Reciprocity:	Exchange of favors or revenge to maintain balance. Help your philos (friends) and harm your ekhthros (enemies). Justice = balance of return.
Athene:	Goddess of wisdom/war; Hephaistos: craftsman god.
Achilleus’ shield:	Symbolizes the cosmos and human society.
Ekhthros:	Personal enemy; must avenge harms done to you or your allies..
Philia:	Bonds of friendship and kinship; some more philos than others.
Solon:	Lawgiver who limited extreme competition (e.g., extravagant funerals).
Oikos:	Household unit—family, property, religion.
Life:	Mostly farming in Attica; debates and contests central to civic life.
Time =	honour
Aidos =	shame
Liturgies:	Rich citizens funded festivals and competed for prestige.
Sophrosune =	self-control.
What defines the human world occurring to the Iliad	Mortality (death and grief), Fate (inescapable destiny), Community (shared mourning and bonds), Human society (shown in the shield’s images), Technology, joy and suffering, their gods and myths, peace vs war, youth/ birth.
What activities are characteristic of cities, according to the Iliad	City at Peace (weddings, music, dancing, and law courts) vs. City at War (siege, ambush, and armed defence)
What activities are characteristic of the countryside, according to the Iliad	The countryside is characterized by ploughing, harvesting, wine-making, and caring for animals such as cattle and sheep. labour
In 451	they changed so that both of your parents had to be an citizen
What values were opposed to agonism in Athenian society	Socrates sees law as a sacred moral order that binds citizens together in justice. To break the law unjustly would harm the entire city
How did agonism manifest itself in Athenian society	The courts, all the religious festivals(athletic, chorus, drama), war, intellectual assembly, liturgies, homoerotic relations
Archaic period - 900 - 500 BC	this is when the polis starts to form
Liminal	boundary between the wild and the human(Artemis controls the wild places ( humans don’t go there))
Philos/ philoi	your personal friend ( your very own people) My siblings, parents, children, spouse, and maybe aunts/unc/cousins, my friends
Polis -	the forditfed center of athens
sparte/ sparta -	a city state that was trained for war
What does Socrates think law is	Socrates sees law as a sacred moral order that binds citizens together in justice. To break the law unjustly would harm the entire city
What does Socrates think about honour and shame?	honour is found in virtue and moral integrity, not in fame or success. Shame should be felt only for doing wrong, not for being poor, mocked, or even condemned to death.
What does Socrates think the nature of his relationship with the polis atheans	Socrates believes his relationship with Athens is like that of a child to a parent — one of gratitude, loyalty, and duty. Even when wronged, he chooses to obey its laws rather than destroy the moral bond between citizen and state.
Logos	a story, and argument , etc
The Athenians had two different ways to execute people	if you were a killer- would be strangled to death, any other crime you would to given poison ( hemlock)
Socrates	s (469–399 BCE): Hoplite soldier, teacher, married with two sons. Executed for asebeia (impiety) and corrupting youth.
Thessaly	is more like a monarchy ( rulers and subjects) ( where Crito wanted socrates to run away too)
Dike	the word for justice
Plato	Wealthy philosopher, student of Socrates; self-concealing writer who expresses ideas through dialogue.
What was the relationship between Athens and Sparte like up to 480/79	cooperation during the Persian Wars and growing rivalry
What was the role of the clan/ tribe during the time 508/7	transformed the role of traditional clans and tribes in Athens by replacing the old family-based system with a new one based on geography (demes) and artificial tribal units (phylai).
What step towards democracy in Athens	Athens moved toward democracy through a series of reforms that limited aristocratic power, expanded citizen rights, and increased participation in government.
What role did Athenian imperialism play in starting the Peloponnesian War?	Athenian imperialism—its expansion, control, and aggression—created resentment and fear among other Greek city-states. Sparta and its allies saw war as the only way to stop Athenian dominance.
How did the Athenians use the Delian League's power and influence	Athens used the Delian League’s power and influence to build an empire, enrich its city, and dominate the Greek world.
How did the growing power of Athens benefit average Athenian citizens	greatly benefited ordinary citizens by providing jobs, income, and political participation.
Delian League (478 BCE)	Formed on Delos (temple of Apollo). Athens dominated; small cities paid cash. Treasury later moved to Athens (454 BCE).
Persian Wars	: Marathon (490 BCE), Xerxes’ invasion (480–479 BCE). Greeks united (Athens + Sparta) and won.
Themistokles	: Merchant-class leader; built navy; ostracized 472 BCE
Sparta	Authoritarian; rich landowners = citizens; helots = enslaved farmers
Ostracism	10-year exile vote on pottery shards.
Education	Boys learned literacy, training, music; girls domestic skills.
Aristophanes	(457–385 BCE): Comic playwright; mocked new intellectual trends.
The Clouds (423 BCE)	Satirized Socrates and Sophists
Strepsiades	Debt-ridden man who blames family, burns Socrates’ Thinkery.
Pheidippides	Son who abuses rhetoric for selfish power.
Sophists	Teachers of persuasion over truth
War context:	431 BCE war begins; 430 plague; 421 Peace of Nikias.
Comedy	Chorus = 24 men/boys; comic hero ends with celebration.
How did Athens protect legitimate citizenship and property ownership	Marriage, the prime purpose of marriage was to have legitimate children
What did Athenian social life teach boys about masculinity	Masculinity was measured by how well a man served his city, controlled himself, and proved his excellence in the eyes of others.
Compare Socrates in clouds and crito	clouds -a man who plays with words and neglects real morality. crito - moral hero, who refuses to compromise his principles, even at the cost of his life.
What led to the signing of the truce in 421	It happened because both Athens and Sparta were exhausted and wanted a break after years of devastating conflict.
Plague struct athens in 430 what were the affects in athian society / what was the effects on Athenian society? What were the effects of conducting the war?	It killed thousands, destroyed morale, weakened the army, and led to a moral and political crisis. At the very moment Athens needed unity and discipline for war, the plague instead brought chaos, fear, and decline.
How did Athenian imperialism manifest itself during the period 431 to 420	431 and 420 BCE, Athenian imperialism showed itself through military control, economic exploitation, and political domination of its allies in the Delian League.
Does Antigone seem more like Crito or Socrates	Antigone is much more like Socrates than Crito. Both believe that there are higher moral or divine laws that can be more binding than human laws.
What, according to the play, r the proper domains of men and women	women - Private, domestic, obedient men - Public, political, ruler
Asebeia	Impiety toward the gods; punishable by fine, exile, or execution.
Sebas	Awe or reverence toward the gods.
Daimonion	Socrates’ divine “voice” guiding him away from certain actions
Sophia	Wisdom; knowing what you do not know.
Sophists	Teachers of rhetoric, accused of making weaker arguments stronger
Doxe	Reputation or public opinion
Synegoros	Supporting speaker in a court case
Graphe	Public lawsuit = crime against the state.
Dike	Private lawsuit between individuals
Ho boulomenos	Any citizen can bring a public charge
Sykophantes	Malicious accuser doing it for money.
Graphe paranomon	Charge for proposing illegal laws in the Ekklesia.
Ostracism	Citizen vote to exile someone dangerous to the city.
Trauma ek pornoias	Intentional harm with a weapon.
Hybris	Humiliating violence to shame someone publicly.
Ekklesia	Main assembly where citizens vote on laws.
Boule	Council of 500; prepares agenda and manages public buildings.
Phylai	10 tribes structuring Athenian politics.
Dikastes	Jurors in the courts.
Diakasteria	Large citizen jury courts; no lawyers
Areopagus	Homicide court for intentional killings
Arkhon	One of nine magistrates with public duties.
Strategoi	Ten elected generals; powerful military leaders.
Hetaira	Elite educated sex worker attending symposia
Gune	Respectable citizen wife.
Prostates	Legal guardian of a foreign woman
Dowry	Money/property that remains a woman’s family property
Pais	Beautiful teenage boy; Theodotus in Lysias' case
Eros	Overpowering desire, often sexual.
Stasimon	Choral song in tragedy.
Kommos	Shared lament song between actor and chorus.
Dionysus	God of theatre; worship through ecstatic rituals.
403 BCE Amnesty	Athenians must forget actions during 30 tyrants’ rule.
30 Tyrants	Brief oligarchic regime before democracy was restored
487 BCE	Archonship opened to lower classes
451 BCE	Citizenship law: both parents must be citizens
442/441 BCE	Antigone written/performed
431 BCE	Peak population of Athens
416/415 BCE	Last ostracism
403 BCE	Amnesty after 30 Tyrants
399 BCE	Socrates tried and executed
394–380 BCE	Lysias case timeframe
348 BCE	Aid sent to Olynthus voted
342–340 BCE	Timeframe around Neaera’s case
Chairephon	Socrates’ loyal friend who asked Apollo’s oracle who was wisest.
Meletus	Main prosecutor accusing Socrates of impiety and corrupting youth.
Anytus	Supporting prosecutor (synegoros); politically motivated.
Apollo	God whose oracle declared no one was wiser than Socrates.
Xenophon	Author who wrote another account of Socrates’ trial and death.
Lysias	Speechwriter; shapes character to persuade the jury.
Simon	Aggressive, drunken rival who invades speaker’s home over Theodotus.
The Speaker	Claims he is moderate and overwhelmed by Eros; argues Simon is dangerous.
Theodotus	Beautiful teenage boy (pais), sex worker, object of their rivalry.
Neaera	Foreign-born hetaira (elite sex worker); accused of living like a citizen wife.
Stephanos	Neaera’s protector/guardian (prostates); politically active.
Phrynion	First man who brought Neaera to Athens and exploited her socially.
Phano	Neaera’s daughter; allegedly passed off as a citizen bride.
Apollodorus	Political enemy of Stephanos; brings case for revenge.
Theomnestus	Connected to Apollodorus’ political conflict.
Sophocles	Playwright who wrote Antigone.
Antigone	Defies Creon to bury her brother, loyal to family and gods.
Creon	King who refuses burial and destroys his family by defying divine law.
Haemon	Creon’s son; argues that Antigone is right; dies in grief.
Tiresias	Prophet; always correct; warns Creon of angering the gods.
Eurydice	Creon’s wife; commits suicide after Haemon’s death.
Megareus	Creon’s other son; sacrificed before events of the play.
Polyneices	Antigone’s brother denied burial.
Dionysus	God of theatre; worship connected to drama and ecstatic rituals.
Solon	Early Athenian reformer; connected political rights to wealth.
Arkhons	Nine magistrates handling religious and legal duties; included:
Chief Arkhon	family matters, orphans, marriage
Basilues	religious authority and god-related duties
Polemarchos	oreign residents and honoring war dead

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