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EX2: Declarative mem
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| william james' definition of memory | knowledge of a former state of mind after it has already once dropped from consciousness; or rather it is the knowledge of an event or fact, of which meantime we have not been thinking, with the additional consciousness that we experienced it before |
| forms of declarative (explicit) memory | events (episodic), facts (semantic) |
| Episodic memory | events retrieval process: recollection (vivid details)or familiarity (few details) |
| encoding phase and tests for episodic memory | free recall, cued recall, item/object recognition memory, source/context memory |
| exception to episodic encoding phase | autobiographical memory does not have an encoding phase unless it is a 'staged events' paradigm |
| semantic memory | facts no encoding phase (typically) |
| tests for semantic memory | verbal fluency, category generation, vocabulary, naming |
| historic significant of patient H.M | history of epilepsy led to procedure to remove bilateral medial temporal lobes- resulted in profound anterograde amnesia: led to the dissocations between declarative and non-declarative memory functions (H.M only nondeclarative) |
| measures of declarative memory in monkeys/animals | delayed non-match to sample |
| theories of MTL function in memory | cognitive map theory, relational theory, episodic memory theory, three process theory |
| Cognitive map theory | place cells, grid cells and head direction cells make up brain's gps system, similar findings in humans navigating virtual world (intracranial recordings). patterns persist in dark, & likely related to path integration using motion cues during navigation |
| place cells | (discovered by Okeefe) some hippocampal neurons code specific regions of space, remap when environment changes, change firing rates with small changes -spatial anchoring of episodic memory (?) |
| Grid cells | in La II dorsomedial entorhinal cortex fire in regular hexagonal patterns that span environment to allow precise positioning and path finding |
| head direction cells | intermixed with grid cells in other EC laters that fire when moving in a particular direction |
| relational memory theory | hippocampus encodes relations among events (objects) in the environment (including but not limited to their spatial location) |
| nonspatial transitive inference test | if B>C and C>D, is B>D? |
| episodic memory theory | memory for facts and events (episodes) is dissociable across temporal lobe structures (hippocampus is important for event memory only) with evidence being amnesics often having intact semantic knowledge |
| developmental amnesia profile (episodic memory theory evidence) | can acquire semantic knowledge and some semantic autobiographical memory despite poor episodic memory and shrunken hippocampus |
| semantic dementia (episodic memory theory evidence) | opposite dissociation to amnesics: progressive damage to anterior temporal cortex, typically starts unilaterally perform poorly on semantic tasks but sometimes normal on episodic tasks especially in early progression |
| three process theory | context (parahippocampal gyrus/PhC, medial EC/ECm), item (perirhinal ctx/PrC, lateral EC/ECl), item-in-context (hippocampus) |
| evidence for three process theory | monkey lesions dissociate object and location DNMTS tasks |
| role of frontal lobes in declarative memory | meta-memory (source monitoring and confabulation), initiating semantic memory retrieval (left lFG), initiating retrieval search (autobiographical memories, right IFG) (always need to rule out confounding PFC factors) |
| memory monitoring/meta-memory | R PFC involved in monitoring veracity of memories and confabulation results when this area is damaged |
| selective source (contextual) memory deficits following PFC damage | Identifying where you learned a piece of information, older adults also show substantial frontal lobe degeneration |
| Left IFG contribution to semantic processing | left IFG activity is greater during semantic than perceptual encoding and greater for items that are later remembered compared to those that are later forgotten; thought to reflect deeper semantic encoding of info |
| subregions of IFG contributions to memory processes | anterior (ventral)- semantic posterior (dorsal)- phonologic, brocas area, verbal working memory |
| markowitsch's right frontotemporal hypothesis for retrograde amnesia | retrieving remote memories involves interactions between right IFG and MTL; disconnecting these regions produces dense amensia/uncinate fasciculus (supported by retrograde amnesia patient studies and fMRI studies of autobiographical retrieval) |
| role of MTL in declarative memory | supported by several theories (cognitive map, relational memory, episodic memory, and three-process theories) that differ in their perspective but are complementary |
| PFC contributions to memory | memory monitoring, semantic processing, phonological processing, autobiographical retrieval |
Created by:
justinem