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AP Government Ch.3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Federalism | A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people |
| Unitary Governments | A central government that holds supreme power in a nation. Most national governments today are unitary governments. |
| Supremacy Clause | The clause in Article VI of the Constitution that makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws as long as the national government is actin within its constitutional limits |
| Tenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment stating, "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people" |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | A 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national governments over state governments. The court held that congress has certain powers in addition to the powers enumerated in the constitution. |
| Enumerated Powers | Powers of the federal government that are listed explicitly in the Constitution |
| Implied Powers | Powers of federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution |
| Elastic Clause | Authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers |
| Gibbons v Ogden | A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity. |
| Full Faith and Credit | A clause in Article IV of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of all other states |
| Extradition | A legal process whereby a state surrenders a person charged with a crime to the state in which the crime is alleged to have committed |
| Privileges and Immunities | The provision of the Constitution accords citizens of each state the privileges of citizens of any state in which they happen to be. |
| Dual Federalism | A system of government in which both the states and national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies |
| Cooperative Federalism | A system of government in which states and the national government share powers and policy assignments |
| Competitive Federalism | A form of federalism in which states compete to attract businesses and jobs through the policies they adopt |
| Funded Mandates | A formal order or requirement as a condition of aid with federal funds to support them |
| Unfunded Mandates | Programs that the federal government requires states to implement without federal funding |
| Devolution | Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments |
| Categorical Grants | Federal Grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or categories, of state and local spending. They come with strings attached. |
| Project Grants | Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of application |
| Formula Grants | Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations. |
| Block Grants | Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services |
| Bicameral Legislation | Legislature made up of 2 houses, the House of representatives and the Senate |
| Commerce Clause | The Clause in the Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or nations |
| Concurrent Powers | Powers held jointly by the national and state governments |
| Electoral College | A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president |
| Ex Post Facto Laws | A law which punishes people for a crime that was not a crime when it was committed. Congress cannot pass these laws |
| Executive Actions | The manner in which presidents use their powers can create informal amendments and expand presidential authority. The use of executive agreements rather than treaties allows the president to bypass the senate. |
| Inherent Power | Powers that are not directly stated in the constitution but belong to the national government. |
| Reserved Power Amendment | found in the 10th amendment, it gives states powers not delegated to the national government. |
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